---
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      day: 15
  author:
    - family: Arjovsky
      given: Martin
    - family: Bottou
      given: Léon
    - family: Gulrajani
      given: Ishaan
    - family: Lopez-Paz
      given: David
  citation-key: ArjovskyInvariant2020
  DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.1907.02893
  issued:
    - year: 2020
      month: 3
      day: 27
  number: arXiv:1907.02893
  publisher: arXiv
  title: Invariant Risk Minimization
  type: article
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.02893

- id: AtheyEstimating2019
  accessed:
    - year: 2022
      month: 3
      day: 3
  author:
    - family: Athey
      given: Susan
    - family: Wager
      given: Stefan
  citation-key: AtheyEstimating2019
  container-title: arXiv:1902.07409 [stat]
  issued:
    - year: 2019
      month: 2
      day: 20
  language: en
  title: 'Estimating Treatment Effects with Causal Forests: An Application'
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.07409

- id: BareinboimPearl2022
  accessed:
    - year: 2023
      month: 5
      day: 15
  author:
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      given: Elias
    - family: Correa
      given: Juan D.
    - family: Ibeling
      given: Duligur
    - family: Icard
      given: Thomas
  citation-key: BareinboimPearl2022
  container-title: 'Probabilistic and Causal Inference: The Works of Judea Pearl'
  DOI: 10.1145/3501714.3501743
  edition: '1'
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  ISBN: 978-1-4503-9586-1
  issued:
    - year: 2022
      month: 3
      day: 4
  page: 507–556
  publisher: Association for Computing Machinery
  publisher-place: New York, NY, USA
  title: On Pearl’s Hierarchy and the Foundations of Causal Inference
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- id: BerrevoetsCausal2024
  accessed:
    - year: 2024
      month: 3
      day: 7
  author:
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      given: Jeroen
    - family: Kacprzyk
      given: Krzysztof
    - family: Qian
      given: Zhaozhi
    - family: Schaar
      given: Mihaela
      non-dropping-particle: van der
  citation-key: BerrevoetsCausal2024
  DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2303.02186
  issued:
    - year: 2024
      month: 2
      day: 14
  number: arXiv:2303.02186
  publisher: arXiv
  title: Causal Deep Learning
  type: article
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2303.02186

- id: BesserveCounterfactuals2019
  accessed:
    - year: 2020
      month: 9
      day: 17
  author:
    - family: Besserve
      given: Michel
    - family: Mehrjou
      given: Arash
    - family: Sun
      given: Rémy
    - family: Schölkopf
      given: Bernhard
  citation-key: BesserveCounterfactuals2019
  container-title: arXiv:1812.03253 [cs, stat]
  event-title: International Conference on Learning Representations
  issued:
    - year: 2019
      month: 12
      day: 12
  title: Counterfactuals uncover the modular structure of deep generative models
  type: paper-conference
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1812.03253

- id: BishopArtificial2021
  accessed:
    - year: 2023
      month: 3
      day: 8
  author:
    - family: Bishop
      given: J. Mark
  citation-key: BishopArtificial2021
  container-title: Frontiers in Psychology
  ISSN: 1664-1078
  issued:
    - year: 2021
  title: Artificial Intelligence Is Stupid and Causal Reasoning Will Not Fix It
  type: article-journal
  URL: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.513474
  volume: '11'

- id: BlackLess2023
  accessed:
    - year: 2023
      month: 11
      day: 16
  author:
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      given: Emily
    - family: Koepke
      given: John Logan
    - family: Kim
      given: Pauline
    - family: Barocas
      given: Solon
    - family: Hsu
      given: Mingwei
  citation-key: BlackLess2023
  DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4590481
  event-place: Rochester, NY
  genre: SSRN Scholarly Paper
  issued:
    - year: 2023
      month: 10
      day: 2
  language: en
  number: '4590481'
  publisher-place: Rochester, NY
  title: Less Discriminatory Algorithms
  type: article
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- id: BongersFoundations2020
  accessed:
    - year: 2021
      month: 3
      day: 31
  author:
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      given: Stephan
    - family: Forré
      given: Patrick
    - family: Peters
      given: Jonas
    - family: Schölkopf
      given: Bernhard
    - family: Mooij
      given: Joris M.
  citation-key: BongersFoundations2020
  container-title: arXiv:1611.06221 [cs, stat]
  issued:
    - year: 2020
      month: 10
      day: 8
  title: Foundations of Structural Causal Models with Cycles and Latent Variables
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1611.06221

- id: BongersRandom2018
  accessed:
    - year: 2020
      month: 8
      day: 25
  author:
    - family: Bongers
      given: Stephan
    - family: Mooij
      given: Joris M.
  citation-key: BongersRandom2018
  container-title: arXiv:1803.08784 [cs, stat]
  issued:
    - year: 2018
      month: 3
      day: 27
  title: >-
    From Random Differential Equations to Structural Causal Models: the
    stochastic case
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1803.08784

- id: BongersStructural2016
  author:
    - family: Bongers
      given: Stephan
    - family: Peters
      given: Jonas
    - family: Schölkopf
      given: Bernhard
    - family: Mooij
      given: Joris M.
  citation-key: BongersStructural2016
  container-title: arXiv:1611.06221 [cs, stat]
  issued:
    - year: 2016
      month: 11
      day: 18
  title: >-
    Structural Causal Models: Cycles, Marginalizations, Exogenous
    Reparametrizations and Reductions
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1611.06221

- id: ChristiansenCausal2020
  accessed:
    - year: 2022
      month: 9
      day: 2
  author:
    - family: Christiansen
      given: Rune
    - family: Pfister
      given: Niklas
    - family: Jakobsen
      given: Martin Emil
    - family: Gnecco
      given: Nicola
    - family: Peters
      given: Jonas
  citation-key: ChristiansenCausal2020
  DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2006.07433
  issued:
    - year: 2020
      month: 6
      day: 12
  language: en
  title: A causal framework for distribution generalization
  type: article-journal
  URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.07433v3

- id: DengDeep2022
  accessed:
    - year: 2024
      month: 3
      day: 7
  author:
    - family: Deng
      given: Zizhen
    - family: Zheng
      given: Xiaolong
    - family: Tian
      given: Hu
    - family: Zeng
      given: Daniel Dajun
  citation-key: DengDeep2022
  DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2211.03374
  issued:
    - year: 2022
      month: 11
      day: 7
  number: arXiv:2211.03374
  publisher: arXiv
  title: 'Deep Causal Learning: Representation, Discovery and Inference'
  type: article
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2211.03374

- id: FerassoArtificial2022
  accessed:
    - year: 2024
      month: 3
      day: 13
  author:
    - family: Ferasso
      given: Marcos
    - family: Alnoor
      given: Alhamzah
  citation-key: FerassoArtificial2022
  container-title: >-
    Artificial Neural Networks and Structural Equation Modeling: Marketing and
    Consumer Research Applications
  DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-6509-8_18
  editor:
    - family: Alnoor
      given: Alhamzah
    - family: Wah
      given: Khaw Khai
    - family: Hassan
      given: Azizul
  event-place: Singapore
  ISBN: 978-981-19650-9-8
  issued:
    - year: 2022
  language: en
  page: 327-341
  publisher: Springer Nature
  publisher-place: Singapore
  title: Artificial Neural Network and Structural Equation Modeling in the Future
  type: chapter
  URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6509-8_18

- id: FernandezLoriaCausal2021
  accessed:
    - year: 2022
      month: 1
      day: 24
  author:
    - family: Fernández-Loría
      given: Carlos
    - family: Provost
      given: Foster
  citation-key: FernandezLoriaCausal2021
  container-title: arXiv:2104.04103 [cs, stat]
  issued:
    - year: 2021
      month: 9
      day: 30
  title: >-
    Causal Decision Making and Causal Effect Estimation Are Not the Same... and
    Why It Matters
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.04103

- id: FriedrichThere2020
  accessed:
    - year: 2020
      month: 9
      day: 23
  author:
    - family: Friedrich
      given: Sarah
    - family: Antes
      given: Gerd
    - family: Behr
      given: Sigrid
    - family: Binder
      given: Harald
    - family: Brannath
      given: Werner
    - family: Dumpert
      given: Florian
    - family: Ickstadt
      given: Katja
    - family: Kestler
      given: Hans
    - family: Lederer
      given: Johannes
    - family: Leitgöb
      given: Heinz
    - family: Pauly
      given: Markus
    - family: Steland
      given: Ansgar
    - family: Wilhelm
      given: Adalbert
    - family: Friede
      given: Tim
  citation-key: FriedrichThere2020
  container-title: arXiv:2009.09070 [cs]
  issued:
    - year: 2020
      month: 9
      day: 13
  title: Is there a role for statistics in artificial intelligence?
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.09070

- id: GendronSurvey2023
  accessed:
    - year: 2023
      month: 3
      day: 2
  author:
    - family: Gendron
      given: Gaël
    - family: Witbrock
      given: Michael
    - family: Dobbie
      given: Gillian
  citation-key: GendronSurvey2023
  DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2302.00293
  issued:
    - year: 2023
      month: 2
      day: 2
  number: arXiv:2302.00293
  publisher: arXiv
  title: A Survey of Methods, Challenges and Perspectives in Causality
  type: article
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2302.00293

- id: GoyalRecurrent2020
  accessed:
    - year: 2021
      month: 7
      day: 6
  author:
    - family: Goyal
      given: Anirudh
    - family: Lamb
      given: Alex
    - family: Hoffmann
      given: Jordan
    - family: Sodhani
      given: Shagun
    - family: Levine
      given: Sergey
    - family: Bengio
      given: Yoshua
    - family: Schölkopf
      given: Bernhard
  citation-key: GoyalRecurrent2020
  container-title: arXiv:1909.10893 [cs, stat]
  issued:
    - year: 2020
      month: 11
      day: 17
  title: Recurrent Independent Mechanisms
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1909.10893

- id: HartfordDeep2017
  accessed:
    - year: 2022
      month: 9
      day: 2
  author:
    - family: Hartford
      given: Jason
    - family: Lewis
      given: Greg
    - family: Leyton-Brown
      given: Kevin
    - family: Taddy
      given: Matt
  citation-key: HartfordDeep2017
  container-title: Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning
  event-title: International Conference on Machine Learning
  ISSN: 2640-3498
  issued:
    - year: 2017
      month: 7
      day: 17
  language: en
  page: 1414-1423
  publisher: PMLR
  title: 'Deep IV: A Flexible Approach for Counterfactual Prediction'
  type: paper-conference
  URL: https://proceedings.mlr.press/v70/hartford17a.html

- id: HuangDetecting2020
  accessed:
    - year: 2023
      month: 3
      day: 8
  author:
    - family: Huang
      given: Yu
    - family: Fu
      given: Zuntao
    - family: Franzke
      given: Christian L. E.
  citation-key: HuangDetecting2020
  container-title: 'Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science'
  container-title-short: Chaos
  DOI: 10.1063/5.0007670
  ISSN: 1054-1500
  issue: '6'
  issued:
    - year: 2020
      month: 6
  page: '063116'
  publisher: American Institute of Physics
  title: Detecting causality from time series in a machine learning framework
  type: article-journal
  volume: '30'

- id: JohnsonComposing2016
  author:
    - family: Johnson
      given: Matthew J
    - family: Duvenaud
      given: David K
    - family: Wiltschko
      given: Alex
    - family: Adams
      given: Ryan P
    - family: Datta
      given: Sandeep R
  citation-key: JohnsonComposing2016
  container-title: Advances in neural information processing systems 29
  editor:
    - family: Lee
      given: D. D.
    - family: Sugiyama
      given: M.
    - family: Luxburg
      given: U. V.
    - family: Guyon
      given: I.
    - family: Garnett
      given: R.
  issued:
    - year: 2016
  page: 2946–2954
  publisher: Curran Associates, Inc.
  title: >-
    Composing graphical models with neural networks for structured
    representations and fast inference
  type: paper-conference
  URL: >-
    http://papers.nips.cc/paper/6379-composing-graphical-models-with-neural-networks-for-structured-representations-and-fast-inference.pdf

- id: JordanEmpirical2022
  accessed:
    - year: 2022
      month: 9
      day: 2
  author:
    - family: Jordan
      given: Michael I.
    - family: Wang
      given: Yixin
    - family: Zhou
      given: Angela
  citation-key: JordanEmpirical2022
  DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2208.13701
  issued:
    - year: 2022
      month: 8
      day: 31
  number: arXiv:2208.13701
  publisher: arXiv
  title: Empirical Gateaux Derivatives for Causal Inference
  type: article
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2208.13701

- id: KaddourCausal2022
  accessed:
    - year: 2022
      month: 8
      day: 11
  author:
    - family: Kaddour
      given: Jean
    - family: Lynch
      given: Aengus
    - family: Liu
      given: Qi
    - family: Kusner
      given: Matt J.
    - family: Silva
      given: Ricardo
  citation-key: KaddourCausal2022
  DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2206.15475
  issued:
    - year: 2022
      month: 7
      day: 21
  number: arXiv:2206.15475
  publisher: arXiv
  title: 'Causal Machine Learning: A Survey and Open Problems'
  type: article
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2206.15475

- id: KarimiRelationship2022
  accessed:
    - year: 2023
      month: 1
      day: 9
  author:
    - family: Karimi
      given: Amir-Hossein
    - family: Muandet
      given: Krikamol
    - family: Kornblith
      given: Simon
    - family: Schölkopf
      given: Bernhard
    - family: Kim
      given: Been
  citation-key: KarimiRelationship2022
  DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2212.06925
  issued:
    - year: 2022
      month: 12
      day: 19
  number: arXiv:2212.06925
  publisher: arXiv
  title: 'On the Relationship Between Explanation and Prediction: A Causal View'
  type: article
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2212.06925

- id: KarimiSurvey2021
  accessed:
    - year: 2023
      month: 5
      day: 16
  author:
    - family: Karimi
      given: Amir-Hossein
    - family: Barthe
      given: Gilles
    - family: Schölkopf
      given: Bernhard
    - family: Valera
      given: Isabel
  citation-key: KarimiSurvey2021
  DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2010.04050
  issued:
    - year: 2021
      month: 3
      day: 1
  number: arXiv:2010.04050
  publisher: arXiv
  title: >-
    A survey of algorithmic recourse: definitions, formulations, solutions, and
    prospects
  type: article
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.04050

- id: KirkSurvey2023
  accessed:
    - year: 2023
      month: 5
      day: 16
  author:
    - family: Kirk
      given: Robert
    - family: Zhang
      given: Amy
    - family: Grefenstette
      given: Edward
    - family: Rocktäschel
      given: Tim
  citation-key: KirkSurvey2023
  container-title: Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
  container-title-short: jair
  DOI: 10.1613/jair.1.14174
  ISSN: 1076-9757
  issued:
    - year: 2023
      month: 1
      day: 9
  page: 201-264
  title: A Survey of Zero-shot Generalisation in Deep Reinforcement Learning
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2111.09794
  volume: '76'

- id: KocaogluCausalGAN2017
  accessed:
    - year: 2020
      month: 9
      day: 17
  author:
    - family: Kocaoglu
      given: Murat
    - family: Snyder
      given: Christopher
    - family: Dimakis
      given: Alexandros G.
    - family: Vishwanath
      given: Sriram
  citation-key: KocaogluCausalGAN2017
  container-title: arXiv:1709.02023 [cs, math, stat]
  issued:
    - year: 2017
      month: 9
      day: 14
  title: >-
    CausalGAN: Learning Causal Implicit Generative Models with Adversarial
    Training
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1709.02023

- id: KosoyUnderstanding2022
  accessed:
    - year: 2022
      month: 8
      day: 7
  author:
    - family: Kosoy
      given: Eliza
    - family: Chan
      given: David M.
    - family: Liu
      given: Adrian
    - family: Collins
      given: Jasmine
    - family: Kaufmann
      given: Bryanna
    - family: Huang
      given: Sandy Han
    - family: Hamrick
      given: Jessica B.
    - family: Canny
      given: John
    - family: Ke
      given: Nan Rosemary
    - family: Gopnik
      given: Alison
  citation-key: KosoyUnderstanding2022
  DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2206.08353
  issued:
    - year: 2022
      month: 6
      day: 16
  number: arXiv:2206.08353
  publisher: arXiv
  title: Towards Understanding How Machines Can Learn Causal Overhypotheses
  type: article
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2206.08353

- id: KunzelMetalearners2019
  accessed:
    - year: 2021
      month: 5
      day: 3
  author:
    - family: Künzel
      given: Sören R.
    - family: Sekhon
      given: Jasjeet S.
    - family: Bickel
      given: Peter J.
    - family: Yu
      given: Bin
  citation-key: KunzelMetalearners2019
  container-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
  container-title-short: PNAS
  DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804597116
  ISSN: 0027-8424, 1091-6490
  issue: '10'
  issued:
    - year: 2019
      month: 3
      day: 5
  language: en
  page: 4156-4165
  PMID: '30770453'
  publisher: National Academy of Sciences
  section: PNAS Plus
  title: >-
    Metalearners for estimating heterogeneous treatment effects using machine
    learning
  type: article-journal
  volume: '116'

- id: LagemannDeep2023
  accessed:
    - year: 2024
      month: 3
      day: 7
  author:
    - family: Lagemann
      given: Kai
    - family: Lagemann
      given: Christian
    - family: Taschler
      given: Bernd
    - family: Mukherjee
      given: Sach
  citation-key: LagemannDeep2023
  container-title: Nature Machine Intelligence
  container-title-short: Nat Mach Intell
  DOI: 10.1038/s42256-023-00744-z
  ISSN: 2522-5839
  issue: '11'
  issued:
    - year: 2023
      month: 11
  language: en
  page: 1306-1316
  publisher: Nature Publishing Group
  title: Deep learning of causal structures in high dimensions under data limitations
  type: article-journal
  volume: '5'

- id: LattimoreLearning2017
  accessed:
    - year: 2021
      month: 5
      day: 24
  author:
    - family: Lattimore
      given: Finnian Rachel
  citation-key: LattimoreLearning2017
  DOI: 10.25911/5d67b766194ec
  issued:
    - year: 2017
  language: en
  publisher: The Australian National University
  title: 'Learning how to act: making good decisions with machine learning'
  type: article-journal
  URL: https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/144602

- id: LeebStructure2021
  accessed:
    - year: 2021
      month: 7
      day: 6
  author:
    - family: Leeb
      given: Felix
    - family: Lanzillotta
      given: Guilia
    - family: Annadani
      given: Yashas
    - family: Besserve
      given: Michel
    - family: Bauer
      given: Stefan
    - family: Schölkopf
      given: Bernhard
  citation-key: LeebStructure2021
  container-title: arXiv:2006.07796 [cs, stat]
  issued:
    - year: 2021
      month: 7
      day: 4
  title: >-
    Structure by Architecture: Disentangled Representations without
    Regularization
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2006.07796

- id: LiaoProvably2020b
  accessed:
    - year: 2024
      month: 3
      day: 13
  author:
    - family: Liao
      given: Luofeng
    - family: Chen
      given: You-Lin
    - family: Yang
      given: Zhuoran
    - family: Dai
      given: Bo
    - family: Kolar
      given: Mladen
    - family: Wang
      given: Zhaoran
  citation-key: LiaoProvably2020b
  container-title: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems
  event-place: Red Hook, NY, USA
  issued:
    - year: 2020
  page: 8947–8958
  publisher: Curran Associates, Inc.
  publisher-place: Red Hook, NY, USA
  title: >-
    Provably Efficient Neural Estimation of Structural Equation Models: An
    Adversarial Approach
  type: paper-conference
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2007.01290
  volume: '33'

- id: LiCausalityStructured2022
  accessed:
    - year: 2023
      month: 3
      day: 8
  author:
    - family: Li
      given: Lu
    - family: Dai
      given: Yongjiu
    - family: Shangguan
      given: Wei
    - family: Wei
      given: Zhongwang
    - family: Wei
      given: Nan
    - family: Li
      given: Qingliang
  citation-key: LiCausalityStructured2022
  container-title: Journal of Hydrometeorology
  DOI: 10.1175/JHM-D-21-0206.1
  ISSN: 1525-7541, 1525-755X
  issue: '8'
  issued:
    - year: 2022
      month: 8
      day: 1
  language: EN
  page: 1315-1331
  publisher: American Meteorological Society
  section: Journal of Hydrometeorology
  title: Causality-Structured Deep Learning for Soil Moisture Predictions
  type: article-journal
  volume: '23'

- id: LiuIdentifying2022
  accessed:
    - year: 2024
      month: 3
      day: 20
  author:
    - family: Liu
      given: Yuhang
    - family: Zhang
      given: Zhen
    - family: Gong
      given: Dong
    - family: Gong
      given: Mingming
    - family: Huang
      given: Biwei
    - family: Zhang
      given: Kun
    - family: Shi
      given: Javen Qinfeng
  citation-key: LiuIdentifying2022
  issued:
    - year: 2022
  language: en
  title: Identifying Latent Causal Content for Multi-Source Domain Adaptation
  type: article
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- id: LocatelloChallenging2019
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      day: 17
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    - family: Bauer
      given: Stefan
    - family: Lucic
      given: Mario
    - family: Rätsch
      given: Gunnar
    - family: Gelly
      given: Sylvain
    - family: Schölkopf
      given: Bernhard
    - family: Bachem
      given: Olivier
  citation-key: LocatelloChallenging2019
  container-title: arXiv:1811.12359 [cs, stat]
  issued:
    - year: 2019
      month: 6
      day: 18
  title: >-
    Challenging Common Assumptions in the Unsupervised Learning of Disentangled
    Representations
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- id: LocatelloWeaklySupervised2020
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      given: Gunnar
    - family: Schölkopf
      given: Bernhard
    - family: Bachem
      given: Olivier
    - family: Tschannen
      given: Michael
  citation-key: LocatelloWeaklySupervised2020
  container-title: Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning
  event-title: International Conference on Machine Learning
  ISSN: 2640-3498
  issued:
    - year: 2020
      month: 11
      day: 21
  language: en
  page: 6348-6359
  publisher: PMLR
  title: Weakly-Supervised Disentanglement Without Compromises
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- id: LouizosCausal2017
  accessed:
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    - family: Zemel
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    - family: Welling
      given: Max
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  container-title: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30
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      given: I.
    - family: Luxburg
      given: U. V.
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  page: 6446–6456
  publisher: Curran Associates, Inc.
  title: Causal Effect Inference with Deep Latent-Variable Models
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- id: LuNonlinear2021
  accessed:
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    - family: Wu
      given: Yuhuai
    - family: Hernández-Lobato
      given: Jośe Miguel
    - family: Schölkopf
      given: Bernhard
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  container-title: arXiv:2102.12353 [cs, stat]
  issued:
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      month: 6
      day: 9
  title: 'Nonlinear Invariant Risk Minimization: A Causal Approach'
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- id: MehtaYou2022
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      day: 18
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      given: Li
    - family: Evtimov
      given: Ivan
    - family: Glaser
      given: Tamar
    - family: Li
      given: Zhiheng
    - family: Hassner
      given: Tal
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  DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2212.06254
  issued:
    - year: 2022
      month: 12
      day: 12
  number: arXiv:2212.06254
  publisher: arXiv
  title: You Only Need a Good Embeddings Extractor to Fix Spurious Correlations
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- id: MelnychukCausal2022
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      month: 3
      day: 19
  author:
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      given: Valentyn
    - family: Frauen
      given: Dennis
    - family: Feuerriegel
      given: Stefan
  citation-key: MelnychukCausal2022
  container-title: Proceedings of the 39th International Conference on Machine Learning
  event-title: International Conference on Machine Learning
  ISSN: 2640-3498
  issued:
    - year: 2022
      month: 6
      day: 28
  language: en
  page: 15293-15329
  publisher: PMLR
  title: Causal Transformer for Estimating Counterfactual Outcomes
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- id: MishlerFADE2021
  accessed:
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      month: 10
      day: 26
  author:
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      given: Alan
    - family: Kennedy
      given: Edward
  citation-key: MishlerFADE2021
  container-title: arXiv:2109.00173 [cs, stat]
  issued:
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      month: 8
      day: 31
  title: >-
    FADE: FAir Double Ensemble Learning for Observable and Counterfactual
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- id: MooijDistinguishing2016
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      day: 25
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      given: Jonas
    - family: Janzing
      given: Dominik
    - family: Zscheischler
      given: Jakob
    - family: Schölkopf
      given: Bernhard
  citation-key: MooijDistinguishing2016
  container-title: Journal of Machine Learning Research
  ISSN: 1533-7928
  issue: '32'
  issued:
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  page: 1-102
  title: >-
    Distinguishing Cause from Effect Using Observational Data: Methods and
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  volume: '17'

- id: NgGraph2019
  accessed:
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      month: 9
      day: 2
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      given: Ignavier
    - family: Zhu
      given: Shengyu
    - family: Chen
      given: Zhitang
    - family: Fang
      given: Zhuangyan
  citation-key: NgGraph2019
  container-title: Advances In Neural Information Processing Systems
  event-title: NeurIPS 2019
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      month: 11
      day: 17
  title: A Graph Autoencoder Approach to Causal Structure Learning
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- id: NgMasked2020
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      month: 12
      day: 15
  author:
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    - family: Fang
      given: Zhuangyan
    - family: Zhu
      given: Shengyu
    - family: Chen
      given: Zhitang
    - family: Wang
      given: Jun
  citation-key: NgMasked2020
  container-title: arXiv:1910.08527 [cs, stat]
  issued:
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      month: 2
      day: 17
  title: Masked Gradient-Based Causal Structure Learning
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  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.08527

- id: OrtegaShaking2021
  accessed:
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      month: 10
      day: 26
  author:
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    - family: Kunesch
      given: Markus
    - family: Delétang
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    - family: Genewein
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    - family: Grau-Moya
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      given: Jonas
    - family: Degrave
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    - family: Perolat
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    - family: Tallec
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    - family: Parisotto
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      given: Yutian
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      given: Scott
    - family: Hutter
      given: Marcus
    - family: Freitas
      given: Nando
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    - family: Legg
      given: Shane
  citation-key: OrtegaShaking2021
  container-title: arXiv:2110.10819 [cs]
  issued:
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      month: 10
      day: 20
  language: en
  title: >-
    Shaking the foundations: delusions in sequence models for interaction and
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  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2110.10819

- id: PawlowskiDeep2020
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      day: 16
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    - family: Coelho de Castro
      given: Daniel
    - family: Glocker
      given: Ben
  citation-key: PawlowskiDeep2020
  container-title: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems
  issued:
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  page: 857–869
  publisher: Curran Associates, Inc.
  title: Deep Structural Causal Models for Tractable Counterfactual Inference
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  volume: '33'

- id: PetersCausal2016
  accessed:
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      month: 7
      day: 17
  author:
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      given: Jonas
    - family: Bühlmann
      given: Peter
    - family: Meinshausen
      given: Nicolai
  citation-key: PetersCausal2016
  container-title: 'Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology'
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      day: 1
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  title: >-
    Causal Inference by using Invariant Prediction: Identification and
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  volume: '78'

- id: PetersElements2017
  author:
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    - family: Janzing
      given: Dominik
    - family: Schölkopf
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  citation-key: PetersElements2017
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  event-place: Cambridge, Massachuestts
  ISBN: 978-0-262-03731-0
  issued:
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  number-of-pages: '265'
  publisher: The MIT Press
  publisher-place: Cambridge, Massachuestts
  title: 'Elements of causal inference: foundations and learning algorithms'
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- id: PoulosRNNbased2021
  accessed:
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      month: 3
      day: 8
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    - family: Zeng
      given: Shuxi
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  container-title: 'Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C: Applied Statistics'
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  ISSN: 0035-9254, 1467-9876
  issue: '4'
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      month: 8
      day: 1
  language: en
  page: 1124-1139
  title: >-
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  volume: '70'

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  accessed:
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      day: 17
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    - family: Guo
      given: Ruocheng
    - family: Moraffah
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    - family: Agarwal
      given: Nitin
    - family: Liu
      given: Huan
  citation-key: RakeshLinked2018
  collection-title: CIKM '18
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    Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Conference on Information and
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  DOI: 10.1145/3269206.3269267
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      month: 10
      day: 17
  page: 1679–1682
  publisher: Association for Computing Machinery
  publisher-place: New York, NY, USA
  title: Linked Causal Variational Autoencoder for Inferring Paired Spillover Effects
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- id: RichardsonSingle2013
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    - family: Robins
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  citation-key: RichardsonSingle2013
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  publisher: Citeseer
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- id: RoscherExplainable2020
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      given: Ribana
    - family: Bohn
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    - family: Garcke
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  container-title: IEEE Access
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  issued:
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  title: Explainable Machine Learning for Scientific Insights and Discoveries
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- id: RotnitzkyEfficient2020
  accessed:
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      month: 9
      day: 17
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      given: Andrea
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  citation-key: RotnitzkyEfficient2020
  container-title: Journal of Machine Learning Research
  ISSN: 1533-7928
  issue: '188'
  issued:
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  page: 1-86
  title: >-
    Efficient Adjustment Sets for Population Average Causal Treatment Effect
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- id: RubensteinDeterministic2018
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    - family: Mooij
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  container-title: Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence
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      day: 9
  title: From Deterministic ODEs to Dynamic Structural Causal Models
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- id: RungeInferring2019
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  container-title: Nature Communications
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  ISSN: 2041-1723
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      day: 14
  language: en
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- id: ScholkopfCausal2021
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    - family: Kalchbrenner
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  citation-key: ScholkopfCausal2021
  container-title: Proceedings of the IEEE
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  issued:
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  page: 612-634
  title: Toward Causal Representation Learning
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- id: ScholkopfCausality2022
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  citation-key: ScholkopfCausality2022
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  event-place: New York, NY, USA
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  publisher: Association for Computing Machinery
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      day: 16
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- id: ShiAdapting2019
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  author:
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      given: Victor
  citation-key: ShiAdapting2019
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    Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Neural Information
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      month: 12
      day: 8
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  publisher: Curran Associates Inc.
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- id: SimchoniIntegrating2023
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      day: 29
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      day: 27
  number: arXiv:2206.03314
  publisher: arXiv
  title: Integrating Random Effects in Deep Neural Networks
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- id: TigasInterventions2022
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      day: 18
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      month: 12
      day: 6
  language: en
  page: 24130-24143
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  citation-key: VeitchSense2020
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      month: 3
      day: 3
  language: en
  title: >-
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- id: VowelsYa2022
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      day: 16
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- id: WangCausalGNN2022
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    - family: Sadilek
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    - family: Venkatramanan
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    - family: Marathe
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  citation-key: WangCausalGNN2022
  container-title: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence
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  language: en
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  title: >-
    CausalGNN: Causal-Based Graph Neural Networks for Spatio-Temporal Epidemic
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- id: WangDesiderata2021
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      day: 8
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- id: WangInferBERT2021
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  citation-key: WangInferBERT2021
  container-title: Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence
  ISSN: 2624-8212
  issued:
    - year: 2021
  title: >-
    InferBERT: A Transformer-Based Causal Inference Framework for Enhancing
    Pharmacovigilance
  type: article-journal
  URL: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frai.2021.659622
  volume: '4'

- id: WangPermutationbased2017
  accessed:
    - year: 2022
      month: 9
      day: 2
  author:
    - family: Wang
      given: Yuhao
    - family: Solus
      given: Liam
    - family: Yang
      given: Karren Dai
    - family: Uhler
      given: Caroline
  citation-key: WangPermutationbased2017
  DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.1705.10220
  issued:
    - year: 2017
      month: 5
      day: 29
  language: en
  title: Permutation-based Causal Inference Algorithms with Interventions
  type: article-journal
  URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.10220v2

- id: WangRespecting2022
  accessed:
    - year: 2022
      month: 4
      day: 7
  author:
    - family: Wang
      given: Sifan
    - family: Sankaran
      given: Shyam
    - family: Perdikaris
      given: Paris
  citation-key: WangRespecting2022
  DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2203.07404
  issued:
    - year: 2022
      month: 3
      day: 14
  language: en
  number: arXiv:2203.07404
  publisher: arXiv
  title: >-
    Respecting causality is all you need for training physics-informed neural
    networks
  type: article
  URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.07404v1

- id: WilligCan2022
  accessed:
    - year: 2023
      month: 8
      day: 1
  author:
    - family: Willig
      given: Moritz
    - family: Zečević
      given: Matej
    - family: Dhami
      given: Devendra Singh
    - family: Kersting
      given: Kristian
  citation-key: WilligCan2022
  DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2206.10591
  issued:
    - year: 2022
      month: 12
      day: 23
  number: arXiv:2206.10591
  publisher: arXiv
  title: Can Foundation Models Talk Causality?
  type: article
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2206.10591

- id: YangCausalVAE2020
  accessed:
    - year: 2020
      month: 9
      day: 17
  author:
    - family: Yang
      given: Mengyue
    - family: Liu
      given: Furui
    - family: Chen
      given: Zhitang
    - family: Shen
      given: Xinwei
    - family: Hao
      given: Jianye
    - family: Wang
      given: Jun
  citation-key: YangCausalVAE2020
  container-title: arXiv:2004.08697 [cs, stat]
  issued:
    - year: 2020
      month: 7
      day: 1
  title: >-
    CausalVAE: Disentangled Representation Learning via Neural Structural Causal
    Models
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.08697

- id: YoonERNN
  author:
    - family: Yoon
      given: Jinsung
  citation-key: YoonERNN
  language: en
  title: 'E-RNN: Entangled Recurrent Neural Networks for Causal Prediction'
  type: article-journal

- id: ZhangCausal2023
  accessed:
    - year: 2023
      month: 10
      day: 11
  author:
    - family: Zhang
      given: Jiaqi
    - family: Jennings
      given: Joel
    - family: Zhang
      given: Cheng
    - family: Ma
      given: Chao
  citation-key: ZhangCausal2023
  DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2310.00809
  issued:
    - year: 2023
      month: 10
      day: 1
  number: arXiv:2310.00809
  publisher: arXiv
  title: >-
    Towards Causal Foundation Model: on Duality between Causal Inference and
    Attention
  type: article
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2310.00809
  version: '1'

- id: ZhangDomain2020
  accessed:
    - year: 2020
      month: 12
      day: 10
  author:
    - family: Zhang
      given: Kun
    - family: Gong
      given: Mingming
    - family: Stojanov
      given: Petar
    - family: Huang
      given: Biwei
    - family: Liu
      given: Qingsong
    - family: Glymour
      given: Clark
  citation-key: ZhangDomain2020
  container-title: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems
  issued:
    - year: 2020
  language: en
  title: Domain Adaptation as a Problem of Inference on Graphical Models
  type: paper-conference
  URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.03278
  volume: '33'

- id: ZhangMaximum2021
  accessed:
    - year: 2021
      month: 6
      day: 9
  author:
    - family: Zhang
      given: Rui
    - family: Imaizumi
      given: Masaaki
    - family: Schölkopf
      given: Bernhard
    - family: Muandet
      given: Krikamol
  citation-key: ZhangMaximum2021
  container-title: arXiv:2010.07684 [cs]
  issued:
    - year: 2021
      month: 2
      day: 12
  title: Maximum Moment Restriction for Instrumental Variable Regression
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.07684

- id: ZhouEmerging2023
  accessed:
    - year: 2023
      month: 9
      day: 27
  author:
    - family: Zhou
      given: Guanglin
    - family: Xie
      given: Shaoan
    - family: Hao
      given: Guangyuan
    - family: Chen
      given: Shiming
    - family: Huang
      given: Biwei
    - family: Xu
      given: Xiwei
    - family: Wang
      given: Chen
    - family: Zhu
      given: Liming
    - family: Yao
      given: Lina
    - family: Zhang
      given: Kun
  citation-key: ZhouEmerging2023
  DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2301.12351
  issued:
    - year: 2023
      month: 9
      day: 14
  number: arXiv:2301.12351
  publisher: arXiv
  title: 'Emerging Synergies in Causality and Deep Generative Models: A Survey'
  type: article
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2301.12351
...
