---
references:
- id: AngluinIdentifying1988
  author:
    - family: Angluin
      given: Dana
  citation-key: AngluinIdentifying1988
  issued:
    - year: 1988
  number: No. YALEU/DCS/RR-614
  title: Identifying languages from stochastic examples
  type: report
  URL: http://www.cs.yale.edu/publications/techreports/tr614.pdf

- id: ArisoyDeep2012
  accessed:
    - year: 2020
      month: 5
      day: 13
  author:
    - family: Arisoy
      given: Ebru
    - family: Sainath
      given: Tara N.
    - family: Kingsbury
      given: Brian
    - family: Ramabhadran
      given: Bhuvana
  citation-key: ArisoyDeep2012
  collection-title: WLM '12
  container-title: >-
    Proceedings of the NAACL-HLT 2012 Workshop: Will We Ever Really Replace the
    N-gram Model? On the Future of Language Modeling for HLT
  event-place: Montreal, Canada
  issued:
    - year: 2012
      month: 6
      day: 8
  page: 20–28
  publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics
  publisher-place: Montreal, Canada
  title: Deep neural network language models
  type: paper-conference

- id: AutebertContextfree1997
  accessed:
    - year: 2012
      month: 10
      day: 4
  author:
    - family: Autebert
      given: Jean-Michel
    - family: Berstel
      given: Jean
    - family: Boasson
      given: Luc
  citation-key: AutebertContextfree1997
  container-title: Handbook of formal languages, vol. 1
  editor:
    - family: Rozenberg
      given: Grzegorz
    - family: Salomaa
      given: Arto
  event-place: New York, NY, USA
  ISBN: 3-540-60420-0
  issued:
    - year: 1997
  page: 111-174
  publisher: Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
  publisher-place: New York, NY, USA
  title: Context-free languages and pushdown automata
  type: chapter
  URL: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=267846.267849

- id: Baeza-YatesModern1999
  author:
    - family: Baeza-Yates
      given: Ricardo
    - family: Ribeiro-Neto
      given: Berthier
  citation-key: Baeza-YatesModern1999
  edition: 1st
  ISBN: 0-201-39829-X
  issued:
    - year: 1999
      month: 5
      day: 15
  number-of-pages: '513'
  publisher: Addison Wesley
  title: Modern Information Retrieval
  type: book

- id: BailCombining2016
  accessed:
    - year: 2016
      month: 10
      day: 12
  author:
    - family: Bail
      given: Christopher Andrew
  citation-key: BailCombining2016
  container-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
  container-title-short: PNAS
  DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1607151113
  ISSN: 0027-8424, 1091-6490
  issued:
    - year: 2016
      month: 9
      day: 30
  language: en
  page: '201607151'
  PMID: '27694580'
  title: >-
    Combining natural language processing and network analysis to examine how
    advocacy organizations stimulate conversation on social media
  type: article-journal

- id: BenderDangers2021
  accessed:
    - year: 2023
      month: 2
      day: 13
  author:
    - family: Bender
      given: Emily M.
    - family: Gebru
      given: Timnit
    - family: McMillan-Major
      given: Angelina
    - family: Shmitchell
      given: Shmargaret
  citation-key: BenderDangers2021
  container-title: >-
    Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and
    Transparency
  DOI: 10.1145/3442188.3445922
  event-place: Virtual Event Canada
  event-title: 'FAccT ''21: 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency'
  ISBN: 978-1-4503-8309-7
  issued:
    - year: 2021
      month: 3
      day: 3
  language: en
  page: 610-623
  publisher: ACM
  publisher-place: Virtual Event Canada
  title: 'On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? 🦜'
  type: paper-conference

- id: BengioNeural2003
  accessed:
    - year: 2016
      month: 7
      day: 13
  author:
    - family: Bengio
      given: Yoshua
    - family: Ducharme
      given: Réjean
    - family: Vincent
      given: Pascal
    - family: Jauvin
      given: Christian
  citation-key: BengioNeural2003
  container-title: journal of machine learning research
  issue: Feb
  issued:
    - year: 2003
  page: 1137–1155
  title: A neural probabilistic language model
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://www.jmlr.org/papers/v3/bengio03a.html
  volume: '3'

- id: BerstelTransductions1990
  accessed:
    - year: 2012
      month: 10
      day: 3
  author:
    - family: Berstel
      given: Jean
    - family: Boasson
      given: Luc
  citation-key: BerstelTransductions1990
  container-title: 'Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science, Vol. A: Algorithms and Complexity'
  editor:
    - family: Leeuwen
      given: J.
      non-dropping-particle: van
    - family: Meyer
      given: Albert R.
    - family: Nivat
      given: M.
    - family: Paterson
      given: Matthew
    - family: Perrin
      given: D.
  issued:
    - year: 1990
      month: 12
      day: 11
  page: 1-278
  title: Transductions and context-free languages
  type: chapter
  URL: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.162.684

- id: BlazekNeural2020
  accessed:
    - year: 2020
      month: 6
      day: 5
  author:
    - family: Blazek
      given: Paul J.
    - family: Lin
      given: Milo M.
  citation-key: BlazekNeural2020
  container-title: arXiv:2002.11319 [cs, q-bio]
  issued:
    - year: 2020
      month: 2
      day: 26
  title: A neural network model of perception and reasoning
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.11319

- id: BolhuisHow2014
  accessed:
    - year: 2014
      month: 8
      day: 31
  author:
    - family: Bolhuis
      given: Johan J.
    - family: Tattersall
      given: Ian
    - family: Chomsky
      given: Noam
    - family: Berwick
      given: Robert C.
  citation-key: BolhuisHow2014
  container-title: PLoS Biol
  container-title-short: PLoS Biol
  DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001934
  issue: '8'
  issued:
    - year: 2014
      month: 8
      day: 26
  page: e1001934
  title: How Could Language Have Evolved?
  type: article-journal
  volume: '12'

- id: BoothApplying1973
  author:
    - family: Booth
      given: Taylor L
    - family: Thompson
      given: R.A.
  citation-key: BoothApplying1973
  container-title: IEEE Transactions on Computers
  DOI: 10.1109/T-C.1973.223746
  ISSN: 0018-9340
  issue: '5'
  issued:
    - year: 1973
      month: 5
  page: 442-450
  title: Applying Probability Measures to Abstract Languages
  type: article-journal
  volume: C-22

- id: BottouMachine2011
  accessed:
    - year: 2015
      month: 1
      day: 21
  author:
    - family: Bottou
      given: Leon
  citation-key: BottouMachine2011
  container-title: arXiv:1102.1808 [cs]
  issued:
    - year: 2011
      month: 2
      day: 9
  title: From Machine Learning to Machine Reasoning
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1102.1808

- id: BrownLanguage2020
  accessed:
    - year: 2020
      month: 6
      day: 7
  author:
    - family: Brown
      given: Tom B.
    - family: Mann
      given: Benjamin
    - family: Ryder
      given: Nick
    - family: Subbiah
      given: Melanie
    - family: Kaplan
      given: Jared
    - family: Dhariwal
      given: Prafulla
    - family: Neelakantan
      given: Arvind
    - family: Shyam
      given: Pranav
    - family: Sastry
      given: Girish
    - family: Askell
      given: Amanda
    - family: Agarwal
      given: Sandhini
    - family: Herbert-Voss
      given: Ariel
    - family: Krueger
      given: Gretchen
    - family: Henighan
      given: Tom
    - family: Child
      given: Rewon
    - family: Ramesh
      given: Aditya
    - family: Ziegler
      given: Daniel M.
    - family: Wu
      given: Jeffrey
    - family: Winter
      given: Clemens
    - family: Hesse
      given: Christopher
    - family: Chen
      given: Mark
    - family: Sigler
      given: Eric
    - family: Litwin
      given: Mateusz
    - family: Gray
      given: Scott
    - family: Chess
      given: Benjamin
    - family: Clark
      given: Jack
    - family: Berner
      given: Christopher
    - family: McCandlish
      given: Sam
    - family: Radford
      given: Alec
    - family: Sutskever
      given: Ilya
    - family: Amodei
      given: Dario
  citation-key: BrownLanguage2020
  container-title: arXiv:2005.14165 [cs]
  issued:
    - year: 2020
      month: 6
      day: 1
  title: Language Models are Few-Shot Learners
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2005.14165

- id: CasacubertaComputational2000
  accessed:
    - year: 2021
      month: 9
      day: 16
  author:
    - family: Casacuberta
      given: Francisco
    - family: Higuera
      given: Colin
      non-dropping-particle: de la
  citation-key: CasacubertaComputational2000
  collection-editor:
    - family: Goos
      given: Gerhard
    - family: Hartmanis
      given: Juris
    - family: Leeuwen
      given: Jan
      non-dropping-particle: van
  container-title: 'Grammatical Inference: Algorithms and Applications'
  DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-45257-7_2
  editor:
    - family: Oliveira
      given: Arlindo L.
  event-place: Berlin, Heidelberg
  ISBN: 978-3-540-41011-9 978-3-540-45257-7
  issued:
    - year: 2000
  language: en
  page: 15-24
  publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
  publisher-place: Berlin, Heidelberg
  title: >-
    Computational Complexity of Problems on Probabilistic Grammars and
    Transducers
  type: chapter
  URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-540-45257-7_2
  volume: '1891'

- id: CharniakStatistical1996
  author:
    - family: Charniak
      given: Eugene
  citation-key: CharniakStatistical1996
  edition: Reprint
  ISBN: 0-262-53141-0
  issued:
    - year: 1996
      month: 9
      day: 1
  number-of-pages: '190'
  publisher: A Bradford Book
  title: Statistical Language Learning
  type: book

- id: ChaterProbabilistic2006
  author:
    - family: Chater
      given: Nick
    - family: Manning
      given: Christopher D
  citation-key: ChaterProbabilistic2006
  container-title: Trends in Cognitive Sciences
  DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2006.05.006
  issue: '7'
  issued:
    - year: 2006
  page: 335-344
  title: Probabilistic models of language processing and acquisition.
  type: article-journal
  volume: '10'

- id: ChoLearning2014
  accessed:
    - year: 2016
      month: 7
      day: 13
  author:
    - family: Cho
      given: Kyunghyun
    - family: Merrienboer
      given: Bart
      non-dropping-particle: van
    - family: Gulcehre
      given: Caglar
    - family: Bahdanau
      given: Dzmitry
    - family: Bougares
      given: Fethi
    - family: Schwenk
      given: Holger
    - family: Bengio
      given: Yoshua
  citation-key: ChoLearning2014
  container-title: EMNLP 2014
  event-title: EMNLP 2014
  issued:
    - year: 2014
      month: 6
      day: 3
  title: >-
    Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder-Decoder for Statistical
    Machine Translation
  type: paper-conference
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1406.1078

- id: ClarkIdentification2005
  accessed:
    - year: 2012
      month: 10
      day: 5
  author:
    - family: Clark
      given: Alexander
    - family: Eyraud
      given: Rémi
  citation-key: ClarkIdentification2005
  collection-title: Lecture Notes in Computer Science
  container-title: Algorithmic Learning Theory
  editor:
    - family: Jain
      given: Sanjay
    - family: Simon
      given: Hans
    - family: Tomita
      given: Etsuji
  ISBN: 978-3-540-29242-5
  issued:
    - year: 2005
  page: 283-296
  publisher: Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
  title: Identification in the Limit of Substitutable Context-Free Languages
  type: chapter
  URL: http://www.springerlink.com/content/1hv6ha07jjgfbvbt/abstract/
  volume: '3734'

- id: ClarkLanguages2006
  accessed:
    - year: 2013
      month: 10
      day: 7
  author:
    - family: Clark
      given: Alexander
    - family: Florêncio
      given: Christophe Costa
    - family: Watkins
      given: Chris
  citation-key: ClarkLanguages2006
  collection-number: '4212'
  collection-title: Lecture Notes in Computer Science
  container-title: 'Machine Learning: ECML 2006'
  editor:
    - family: Fürnkranz
      given: Johannes
    - family: Scheffer
      given: Tobias
    - family: Spiliopoulou
      given: Myra
  ISBN: 978-3-540-45375-8 978-3-540-46056-5
  issued:
    - year: 2006
      month: 1
      day: 1
  page: 90-101
  publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
  title: 'Languages as Hyperplanes: Grammatical Inference with String Kernels'
  type: chapter
  URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/11871842_13

- id: ClarkPlanar2006
  accessed:
    - year: 2014
      month: 8
      day: 18
  author:
    - family: Clark
      given: Alexander
    - family: Florêncio
      given: Christophe Costa
    - family: Watkins
      given: Chris
    - family: Serayet
      given: Mariette
  citation-key: ClarkPlanar2006
  collection-number: '4201'
  collection-title: Lecture Notes in Computer Science
  container-title: 'Grammatical Inference: Algorithms and Applications'
  editor:
    - family: Sakakibara
      given: Yasubumi
    - family: Kobayashi
      given: Satoshi
    - family: Sato
      given: Kengo
    - family: Nishino
      given: Tetsuro
    - family: Tomita
      given: Etsuji
  ISBN: 978-3-540-45264-5 978-3-540-45265-2
  issued:
    - year: 2006
      month: 1
      day: 1
  language: en
  page: 148-160
  publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
  title: Planar Languages and Learnability
  type: chapter
  URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/11872436_13

- id: ClarkTransformers2020
  accessed:
    - year: 2020
      month: 6
      day: 5
  author:
    - family: Clark
      given: Peter
    - family: Tafjord
      given: Oyvind
    - family: Richardson
      given: Kyle
  citation-key: ClarkTransformers2020
  container-title: IJCAI 2020
  issued:
    - year: 2020
      month: 5
      day: 5
  title: Transformers as Soft Reasoners over Language
  type: paper-conference
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.05867

- id: CollinsConvolution2002
  accessed:
    - year: 2014
      month: 4
      day: 17
  author:
    - family: Collins
      given: Michael
    - family: Duffy
      given: Nigel
  citation-key: CollinsConvolution2002
  container-title: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 14
  editor:
    - family: Dietterich
      given: T. G.
    - family: Becker
      given: S.
    - family: Ghahramani
      given: Z.
  issued:
    - year: 2002
  page: 625–632
  publisher: MIT Press
  title: Convolution Kernels for Natural Language
  type: chapter
  URL: >-
    http://papers.nips.cc/paper/2089-convolution-kernels-for-natural-language.pdf

- id: GoldLanguage1967
  accessed:
    - year: 2012
      month: 10
      day: 4
  author:
    - family: Gold
      given: E Mark
  citation-key: GoldLanguage1967
  container-title: Information and Control
  container-title-short: Information and Control
  DOI: 10.1016/S0019-9958(67)91165-5
  ISSN: 0019-9958
  issue: '5'
  issued:
    - year: 1967
      month: 5
  page: 447-474
  title: Language identification in the limit
  type: article-journal
  volume: '10'

- id: GonzalezSyntactic1978
  author:
    - family: Gonzalez
      given: R. C.
    - family: Thomason
      given: M. G.
  citation-key: GonzalezSyntactic1978
  issued:
    - year: 1978
  publisher: Addison Wesley Publishing Company
  title: 'Syntactic pattern recognition:  an introduction'
  type: book

- id: GrefenstetteLearning2015
  accessed:
    - year: 2016
      month: 10
      day: 11
  author:
    - family: Grefenstette
      given: Edward
    - family: Hermann
      given: Karl Moritz
    - family: Suleyman
      given: Mustafa
    - family: Blunsom
      given: Phil
  citation-key: GrefenstetteLearning2015
  container-title: arXiv:1506.02516 [cs]
  issued:
    - year: 2015
      month: 6
      day: 8
  title: Learning to Transduce with Unbounded Memory
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1506.02516

- id: GreibachUnsolvability1966
  accessed:
    - year: 2012
      month: 10
      day: 4
  author:
    - family: Greibach
      given: Sheila A.
  citation-key: GreibachUnsolvability1966
  container-title: J. ACM
  DOI: 10.1145/321356.321365
  ISSN: 0004-5411
  issue: '4'
  issued:
    - year: 1966
      month: 10
  page: 582-587
  title: The Unsolvability of the Recognition of Linear Context-Free Languages
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/321356.321365
  volume: '13'

- id: HopcroftIntroduction1979
  author:
    - family: Hopcroft
      given: John E.
    - family: Ullman
      given: Jeffrey D.
  citation-key: HopcroftIntroduction1979
  edition: 1st
  ISBN: 0-201-02988-X
  issued:
    - year: 1979
      month: 4
  number-of-pages: '428'
  publisher: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
  title: Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages and Computation
  type: book

- id: KhalifaDeepTingle2019
  accessed:
    - year: 2023
      month: 4
      day: 17
  author:
    - family: Khalifa
      given: Ahmed
    - family: Barros
      given: Gabriella A. B.
    - family: Togelius
      given: Julian
  citation-key: KhalifaDeepTingle2019
  DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.1705.03557
  issued:
    - year: 2019
      month: 3
      day: 27
  number: arXiv:1705.03557
  publisher: arXiv
  title: DeepTingle
  type: article
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1705.03557

- id: KontorovichKernel2008
  accessed:
    - year: 2014
      month: 4
      day: 17
  author:
    - family: Kontorovich
      given: Leonid (Aryeh)
    - family: Cortes
      given: Corinna
    - family: Mohri
      given: Mehryar
  citation-key: KontorovichKernel2008
  collection-title: Algorithmic Learning Theory
  container-title: Theoretical Computer Science
  container-title-short: Theoretical Computer Science
  DOI: 10.1016/j.tcs.2008.06.037
  ISSN: 0304-3975
  issue: '3'
  issued:
    - year: 2008
      month: 10
      day: 17
  page: 223-236
  title: Kernel methods for learning languages
  type: article-journal
  volume: '405'

- id: KontorovichLearning2006
  accessed:
    - year: 2014
      month: 8
      day: 18
  author:
    - family: Kontorovich
      given: Leonid
    - family: Cortes
      given: Corinna
    - family: Mohri
      given: Mehryar
  citation-key: KontorovichLearning2006
  collection-number: '4264'
  collection-title: Lecture Notes in Computer Science
  container-title: Algorithmic Learning Theory
  editor:
    - family: Balcázar
      given: José L.
    - family: Long
      given: Philip M.
    - family: Stephan
      given: Frank
  ISBN: 978-3-540-46649-9 978-3-540-46650-5
  issued:
    - year: 2006
      month: 1
      day: 1
  language: en
  page: 288-303
  publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
  title: Learning Linearly Separable Languages
  type: chapter
  URL: http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/11894841_24

- id: LaffertyConditional2001
  accessed:
    - year: 2012
      month: 10
      day: 29
  author:
    - family: Lafferty
      given: John D.
    - family: McCallum
      given: Andrew
    - family: Pereira
      given: Fernando C. N.
  citation-key: LaffertyConditional2001
  collection-title: ICML '01
  container-title: Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Machine Learning
  event-place: San Francisco, CA, USA
  ISBN: 1-55860-778-1
  issued:
    - year: 2001
      month: 6
      day: 28
  page: 282–289
  publisher: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.
  publisher-place: San Francisco, CA, USA
  title: >-
    Conditional Random Fields: Probabilistic Models for Segmenting and Labeling
    Sequence Data
  type: paper-conference
  URL: http://repository.upenn.edu/cis_papers/159/

- id: LambGraph2020
  accessed:
    - year: 2020
      month: 6
      day: 5
  author:
    - family: Lamb
      given: Luis C.
    - family: Garcez
      given: Artur
    - family: Gori
      given: Marco
    - family: Prates
      given: Marcelo
    - family: Avelar
      given: Pedro
    - family: Vardi
      given: Moshe
  citation-key: LambGraph2020
  container-title: IJCAI 2020
  issued:
    - year: 2020
      month: 5
      day: 21
  title: >-
    Graph Neural Networks Meet Neural-Symbolic Computing: A Survey and
    Perspective
  type: paper-conference
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.00330

- id: LiptonCritical2015
  accessed:
    - year: 2015
      month: 12
      day: 2
  author:
    - family: Lipton
      given: Zachary C.
    - family: Berkowitz
      given: John
    - family: Elkan
      given: Charles
  citation-key: LiptonCritical2015
  container-title: arXiv:1506.00019 [cs]
  issued:
    - year: 2015
      month: 5
      day: 29
  title: A Critical Review of Recurrent Neural Networks for Sequence Learning
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1506.00019

- id: ManningFoundations1999
  author:
    - family: Manning
      given: Christopher D
    - family: Schütze
      given: Hinrich
  citation-key: ManningFoundations1999
  event-place: Cambridge, Mass.
  ISBN: 0-262-13360-1
  issued:
    - year: 1999
  number-of-pages: '722'
  publisher: MIT Press
  publisher-place: Cambridge, Mass.
  title: Foundations of statistical natural language processing
  type: book

- id: ManningIntroduction2008
  author:
    - family: Manning
      given: Christopher D
    - family: Raghavan
      given: Prabhakar
    - family: Schütze
      given: Hinrich
  citation-key: ManningIntroduction2008
  issued:
    - year: 2008
  publisher: Cambridge University Press
  title: Introduction to Information Retrieval
  type: book

- id: ManningProbabilistic2002
  author:
    - family: Manning
      given: Christopher D
  citation-key: ManningProbabilistic2002
  container-title: Probabilistic linguistics
  contributor:
    - family: Bod
      given: Rens
    - family: Hay
      given: Jennifer
    - family: JAnnedy
      given: Stefanie
  issued:
    - year: 2002
  page: 289-341
  publisher: 'Cambridge, MA: MIT Press'
  title: Probabilistic syntax
  type: chapter

- id: MikolovExploiting2013
  accessed:
    - year: 2014
      month: 5
      day: 21
  author:
    - family: Mikolov
      given: Tomas
    - family: Le
      given: Quoc V.
    - family: Sutskever
      given: Ilya
  citation-key: MikolovExploiting2013
  container-title: arXiv:1309.4168 [cs]
  issued:
    - year: 2013
      month: 9
      day: 16
  title: Exploiting Similarities among Languages for Machine Translation
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1309.4168

- id: MikolovRecurrent2010
  author:
    - family: Mikolov
      given: Tomáš
    - family: Karafiát
      given: Martin
    - family: Burget
      given: Lukáš
    - family: Černockỳ
      given: Jan
    - family: Khudanpur
      given: Sanjeev
  citation-key: MikolovRecurrent2010
  container-title: >-
    Eleventh Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication
    Association
  issued:
    - year: 2010
  title: Recurrent Neural Network Based Language Model
  type: paper-conference
  URL: >-
    http://www.fit.vutbr.cz/research/groups/speech/servite/2010/rnnlm_mikolov.pdf

- id: MitraNeural2017
  accessed:
    - year: 2017
      month: 10
      day: 16
  author:
    - family: Mitra
      given: Bhaskar
    - family: Craswell
      given: Nick
  citation-key: MitraNeural2017
  container-title: arXiv:1705.01509 [cs]
  issued:
    - year: 2017
      month: 5
      day: 3
  title: Neural Models for Information Retrieval
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1705.01509

- id: MohriWeighted1996
  accessed:
    - year: 2012
      month: 10
      day: 3
  author:
    - family: Mohri
      given: Mehryar
    - family: Pereira
      given: Fernando
    - family: Riley
      given: Michael
  citation-key: MohriWeighted1996
  container-title: >-
    Proceedings of the 12th biennial European Conference on Artificial
    Intelligence (ECAI-96), Workshop on Extended finite state models of language
  event-place: Budapest, Hungary
  issued:
    - year: 1996
  publisher: John Wiley and Sons, Chichester
  publisher-place: Budapest, Hungary
  title: Weighted Automata in Text and Speech Processing
  type: paper-conference
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0503077

- id: MohriWeighted2002
  accessed:
    - year: 2012
      month: 10
      day: 3
  author:
    - family: Mohri
      given: Mehryar
    - family: Pereira
      given: Fernando
    - family: Riley
      given: Michael
  citation-key: MohriWeighted2002
  container-title: Computer Speech & Language
  container-title-short: Computer Speech & Language
  DOI: 10.1006/csla.2001.0184
  ISSN: 0885-2308
  issue: '1'
  issued:
    - year: 2002
      month: 1
  page: 69-88
  title: Weighted finite-state transducers in speech recognition
  type: article-journal
  volume: '16'

- id: ODonnellFragment2009
  accessed:
    - year: 2012
      month: 10
      day: 2
  author:
    - family: O’Donnell
      given: Timothy J.
    - family: Tenenbaum
      given: Joshua B.
    - family: Goodman
      given: Noah D.
  citation-key: ODonnellFragment2009
  issued:
    - year: 2009
      month: 3
      day: 31
  title: 'Fragment Grammars: Exploring Computation and Reuse in Language'
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/44963

- id: PenningtonGloVe2014
  accessed:
    - year: 2014
      month: 12
      day: 28
  author:
    - family: Pennington
      given: Jeffrey
    - family: Socher
      given: Richard
    - family: Manning
      given: Christopher D.
  citation-key: PenningtonGloVe2014
  container-title: >-
    Proceedings of the Empiricial Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP
    2014)
  issued:
    - year: 2014
  title: 'GloVe: Global vectors for word representation'
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://nlp.stanford.edu/projects/glove/glove.pdf
  volume: '12'

- id: PeterssonWhat2012
  accessed:
    - year: 2014
      month: 9
      day: 24
  author:
    - family: Petersson
      given: Karl-Magnus
    - family: Folia
      given: Vasiliki
    - family: Hagoort
      given: Peter
  citation-key: PeterssonWhat2012
  collection-title: The Neurobiology of Syntax
  container-title: Brain and Language
  container-title-short: Brain and Language
  DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2010.08.003
  ISSN: 0093-934X
  issue: '2'
  issued:
    - year: 2012
      month: 2
  page: 83-95
  title: What artificial grammar learning reveals about the neurobiology of syntax
  type: article-journal
  volume: '120'

- id: PillutlaMAUVE2022
  accessed:
    - year: 2023
      month: 2
      day: 7
  author:
    - family: Pillutla
      given: Krishna
    - family: Liu
      given: Lang
    - family: Thickstun
      given: John
    - family: Welleck
      given: Sean
    - family: Swayamdipta
      given: Swabha
    - family: Zellers
      given: Rowan
    - family: Oh
      given: Sewoong
    - family: Choi
      given: Yejin
    - family: Harchaoui
      given: Zaid
  citation-key: PillutlaMAUVE2022
  DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2212.14578
  issued:
    - year: 2022
      month: 12
      day: 30
  number: arXiv:2212.14578
  publisher: arXiv
  title: 'MAUVE Scores for Generative Models: Theory and Practice'
  type: article
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2212.14578

- id: QiStanza2020
  accessed:
    - year: 2020
      month: 3
      day: 23
  author:
    - family: Qi
      given: Peng
    - family: Zhang
      given: Yuhao
    - family: Zhang
      given: Yuhui
    - family: Bolton
      given: Jason
    - family: Manning
      given: Christopher D.
  citation-key: QiStanza2020
  container-title: arXiv:2003.07082 [cs]
  issued:
    - year: 2020
      month: 3
      day: 16
  title: >-
    Stanza: A Python Natural Language Processing Toolkit for Many Human
    Languages
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.07082

- id: SalakhutdinovLearning2015
  accessed:
    - year: 2016
      month: 3
      day: 23
  author:
    - family: Salakhutdinov
      given: Ruslan
  citation-key: SalakhutdinovLearning2015
  container-title: Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application
  DOI: 10.1146/annurev-statistics-010814-020120
  issue: '1'
  issued:
    - year: 2015
  page: 361-385
  title: Learning Deep Generative Models
  type: article-journal
  volume: '2'

- id: SchlagLearning2019
  accessed:
    - year: 2021
      month: 9
      day: 16
  author:
    - family: Schlag
      given: Imanol
    - family: Schmidhuber
      given: Jürgen
  citation-key: SchlagLearning2019
  container-title: arXiv:1811.12143 [cs, stat]
  issued:
    - year: 2019
      month: 1
      day: 8
  title: Learning to Reason with Third-Order Tensor Products
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.12143

- id: SolanUnsupervised2005
  accessed:
    - year: 2012
      month: 10
      day: 3
  author:
    - family: Solan
      given: Zach
    - family: Horn
      given: David
    - family: Ruppin
      given: Eytan
    - family: Edelman
      given: Shimon
  citation-key: SolanUnsupervised2005
  container-title: >-
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
    America
  container-title-short: PNAS
  DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409746102
  ISSN: 0027-8424, 1091-6490
  issue: '33'
  issued:
    - year: 2005
      month: 8
      day: 16
  language: en
  page: 11629-11634
  title: Unsupervised learning of natural languages
  type: article-journal
  volume: '102'

- id: SuttonDynamic2007
  accessed:
    - year: 2014
      month: 4
      day: 17
  author:
    - family: Sutton
      given: Charles
    - family: McCallum
      given: Andrew
    - family: Rohanimanesh
      given: Khashayar
  citation-key: SuttonDynamic2007
  container-title: Journal of Machine Learning Research
  ISSN: 1532-4435
  issued:
    - year: 2007
      month: 5
  page: 693–723
  title: >-
    Dynamic Conditional Random Fields: Factorized Probabilistic Models for
    Labeling and Segmenting Sequence Data
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1248659.1248684
  volume: '8'

- id: vanRijsbergenInformation1979
  author:
    - family: Rijsbergen
      given: C. J.
      non-dropping-particle: van
  citation-key: vanRijsbergenInformation1979
  edition: 2nd
  ISBN: 0-408-70929-4
  issued:
    - year: 1979
      month: 3
  number-of-pages: '224'
  publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann
  title: Information Retrieval
  type: book
  URL: http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/Keith/Preface.html

- id: WetherellProbabilistic1980
  accessed:
    - year: 2012
      month: 10
      day: 3
  author:
    - family: Wetherell
      given: C. S.
  citation-key: WetherellProbabilistic1980
  container-title: ACM Comput. Surv.
  DOI: 10.1145/356827.356829
  ISSN: 0360-0300
  issue: '4'
  issued:
    - year: 1980
      month: 12
  page: 361-379
  title: 'Probabilistic Languages: A Review and Some Open Questions'
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/356827.356829
  volume: '12'

- id: WolffSyntax2000
  author:
    - family: Wolff
      given: J Gerard
  citation-key: WolffSyntax2000
  container-title: Journal of Universal Computer Science
  issue: '8'
  issued:
    - year: 2000
  page: 781-829
  title: >-
    Syntax, parsing and production of natural language in a framework of
    information compression by multiple alignment, unification and search
  type: article-journal
  volume: '6'
...
