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      month: 2
      day: 20
  language: en
  title: 'Estimating Treatment Effects with Causal Forests: An Application'
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- id: BloniarzLasso2015
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- id: BuhlmannInvariance2020
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      month: 6
      day: 7
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- id: ChernozhukovValid2015
  accessed:
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- id: DahlhausCausality2003
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      given: Rainer
    - family: Eichler
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  citation-key: DahlhausCausality2003
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  page: 115-137
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- id: DawidDecisiontheoretic2021
  accessed:
    - year: 2021
      month: 10
      day: 13
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      given: Philip
  citation-key: DawidDecisiontheoretic2021
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  issued:
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      day: 1
  language: en
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  publisher: De Gruyter
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- id: DeLunaCovariate2011
  accessed:
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      day: 16
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- id: GelmanApplied2004
  archive: Calibre
  author:
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      given: Andrew
    - family: Meng
      given: Xiao-Li
  citation-key: GelmanApplied2004
  issued:
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      day: 31
  language: eng
  publisher: John Wiley & Sons
  title: >-
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- id: GelmanCausality2010
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      given: Andrew
  citation-key: GelmanCausality2010
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- id: GelmanPhilosophy2013
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      day: 8
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      given: Andrew
    - family: Shalizi
      given: Cosma Rohilla
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  language: en
  page: 8-38
  title: Philosophy and the practice of Bayesian statistics
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- id: GreenlandIdentifiability2009
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    - family: Robins
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- id: HeinzeDemlCausal2018
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    - family: Maathuis
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    - family: Meinshausen
      given: Nicolai
  citation-key: HeinzeDemlCausal2018
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  DOI: 10.1146/annurev-statistics-031017-100630
  issue: '1'
  issued:
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  publisher: Annual Reviews
  title: Causal Structure Learning
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- id: ImbensCausal2021
  accessed:
    - year: 2021
      month: 9
      day: 18
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      given: Guido
    - family: Menzel
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  citation-key: ImbensCausal2021
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  publisher: Institute of Mathematical Statistics
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- id: ImbensInstrumental2014
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      day: 21
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  language: EN
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- id: KennedyHandling2019
  accessed:
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      month: 3
      day: 24
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    - family: Mauro
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    - family: Burns
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  container-title: Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application
  DOI: 10.1146/annurev-statistics-031017-100353
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  issued:
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  page: 125-148
  title: Handling Missing Data in Instrumental Variable Methods for Causal Inference
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  volume: '6'

- id: KohlerNonprobability2019
  accessed:
    - year: 2019
      month: 3
      day: 23
  author:
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      given: Ulrich
    - family: Kreuter
      given: Frauke
    - family: Stuart
      given: Elizabeth A.
  citation-key: KohlerNonprobability2019
  container-title: Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application
  DOI: 10.1146/annurev-statistics-030718-104951
  issue: '1'
  issued:
    - year: 2019
  page: 149-172
  title: Nonprobability Sampling and Causal Analysis
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  volume: '6'

- id: KuangIvy2020
  accessed:
    - year: 2020
      month: 8
      day: 23
  author:
    - family: Kuang
      given: Zhaobin
    - family: Sala
      given: Frederic
    - family: Sohoni
      given: Nimit
    - family: Wu
      given: Sen
    - family: Córdova-Palomera
      given: Aldo
    - family: Dunnmon
      given: Jared
    - family: Priest
      given: James
    - family: Re
      given: Christopher
  citation-key: KuangIvy2020
  container-title: International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics
  event-title: International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics
  ISSN: 2640-3498
  issued:
    - year: 2020
      month: 6
      day: 3
  language: en
  page: 398-410
  publisher: PMLR
  title: 'Ivy: Instrumental Variable Synthesis for Causal Inference'
  type: paper-conference
  URL: http://proceedings.mlr.press/v108/kuang20a.html

- id: KunzelMetalearners2019
  accessed:
    - year: 2021
      month: 5
      day: 3
  author:
    - family: Künzel
      given: Sören R.
    - family: Sekhon
      given: Jasjeet S.
    - family: Bickel
      given: Peter J.
    - family: Yu
      given: Bin
  citation-key: KunzelMetalearners2019
  container-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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  ISSN: 0027-8424, 1091-6490
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  issued:
    - year: 2019
      month: 3
      day: 5
  language: en
  page: 4156-4165
  PMID: '30770453'
  publisher: National Academy of Sciences
  section: PNAS Plus
  title: >-
    Metalearners for estimating heterogeneous treatment effects using machine
    learning
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  volume: '116'

- id: LattimoreLearning2017
  accessed:
    - year: 2021
      month: 5
      day: 24
  author:
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      given: Finnian Rachel
  citation-key: LattimoreLearning2017
  DOI: 10.25911/5d67b766194ec
  issued:
    - year: 2017
  language: en
  publisher: The Australian National University
  title: 'Learning how to act: making good decisions with machine learning'
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  URL: https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/144602

- id: MalinskyPotential2019
  accessed:
    - year: 2020
      month: 7
      day: 29
  author:
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      given: Daniel
    - family: Shpitser
      given: Ilya
    - family: Richardson
      given: Thomas
  citation-key: MalinskyPotential2019
  container-title: arXiv:1903.03662 [stat]
  issued:
    - year: 2019
      month: 3
      day: 8
  title: >-
    A Potential Outcomes Calculus for Identifying Conditional Path-Specific
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  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1903.03662

- id: ManskiChoosing2011
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      given: Charles F
  citation-key: ManskiChoosing2011
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  issue: '1'
  issued:
    - year: 2011
  page: 25-49
  title: Choosing Treatment Policies Under Ambiguity
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  volume: '3'

- id: MeinshausenCausality2018
  author:
    - family: Meinshausen
      given: Nicolai
  citation-key: MeinshausenCausality2018
  container-title: 2018 IEEE Data Science Workshop (DSW)
  DOI: 10.1109/DSW.2018.8439889
  event-title: 2018 IEEE Data Science Workshop (DSW)
  issued:
    - year: 2018
      month: 6
  page: 6-10
  title: Causality from a distributional robustness point of view
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- id: MishlerFADE2021
  accessed:
    - year: 2021
      month: 10
      day: 26
  author:
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      given: Alan
    - family: Kennedy
      given: Edward
  citation-key: MishlerFADE2021
  container-title: arXiv:2109.00173 [cs, stat]
  issued:
    - year: 2021
      month: 8
      day: 31
  title: >-
    FADE: FAir Double Ensemble Learning for Observable and Counterfactual
    Outcomes
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- id: MorganCounterfactuals2015
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      given: Stephen L.
    - family: Winship
      given: Christopher
  citation-key: MorganCounterfactuals2015
  ISBN: 978-1-107-06507-9
  issued:
    - year: 2015
  language: en
  number-of-pages: '525'
  publisher: Cambridge University Press
  title: Counterfactuals and Causal Inference
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- id: PearlCausal2009
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    - year: 2016
      month: 10
      day: 14
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      given: Judea
  citation-key: PearlCausal2009
  container-title: Statistics Surveys
  container-title-short: Statist. Surv.
  DOI: 10.1214/09-SS057
  ISSN: 1935-7516
  issued:
    - year: 2009
  language: EN
  page: 96-146
  title: 'Causal inference in statistics: An overview'
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  URL: http://ftp.cs.ucla.edu/pub/stat_ser/r350.pdf
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- id: PearlExternal2014
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    - year: 2016
      month: 7
      day: 25
  author:
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      given: Judea
    - family: Bareinboim
      given: Elias
  citation-key: PearlExternal2014
  container-title: Statistical Science
  DOI: 10.1214/14-STS486
  ISSN: 0883-4237
  issue: '4'
  issued:
    - year: 2014
      month: 11
  language: en
  page: 579-595
  title: 'External Validity: From Do-Calculus to Transportability Across Populations'
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1503.01603
  volume: '29'

- id: RichardsonSingle2013
  author:
    - family: Richardson
      given: Thomas S.
    - family: Robins
      given: James M.
  citation-key: RichardsonSingle2013
  issued:
    - year: 2013
  page: '2013'
  publisher: Citeseer
  title: >-
    Single world intervention graphs (SWIGs): A unification of the
    counterfactual and graphical approaches to causality
  type: report
  URL: >-
    https://csss.uw.edu/research/working-papers/single-world-intervention-graphs-swigs-unification-counterfactual-and

- id: RothenhauslerAnchor2020
  accessed:
    - year: 2021
      month: 6
      day: 10
  author:
    - family: Rothenhäusler
      given: Dominik
    - family: Meinshausen
      given: Nicolai
    - family: Bühlmann
      given: Peter
    - family: Peters
      given: Jonas
  citation-key: RothenhauslerAnchor2020
  container-title: arXiv:1801.06229 [stat]
  issued:
    - year: 2020
      month: 5
      day: 8
  title: 'Anchor regression: heterogeneous data meets causality'
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1801.06229

- id: RubinEstimating2006
  author:
    - family: Rubin
      given: Donald B
    - family: Waterman
      given: Richard P
  citation-key: RubinEstimating2006
  container-title: Statistical Science
  container-title-short: Statist. Sci.
  DOI: 10.1214/088342306000000259
  ISSN: 0883-4237
  issue: '2'
  issued:
    - year: 2006
      month: 9
      day: 7
  page: 206-222
  title: >-
    Estimating the Causal Effects of Marketing Interventions Using Propensity
    Score Methodology
  type: article-journal
  URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0609201v1
  volume: '21'

- id: SchulamReliable2017
  accessed:
    - year: 2020
      month: 8
      day: 24
  author:
    - family: Schulam
      given: Peter
    - family: Saria
      given: Suchi
  citation-key: SchulamReliable2017
  collection-title: NIPS'17
  container-title: >-
    Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information
    Processing Systems
  event-place: Red Hook, NY, USA
  ISBN: 978-1-5108-6096-4
  issued:
    - year: 2017
      month: 12
      day: 4
  page: 1696–1706
  publisher: Curran Associates Inc.
  publisher-place: Red Hook, NY, USA
  title: Reliable decision support using counterfactual models
  type: paper-conference
  URL: >-
    http://papers.nips.cc/paper/6767-reliable-decision-support-using-counterfactual-models.pdf

- id: ShalitEstimating2017
  accessed:
    - year: 2022
      month: 3
      day: 3
  author:
    - family: Shalit
      given: Uri
    - family: Johansson
      given: Fredrik D.
    - family: Sontag
      given: David
  citation-key: ShalitEstimating2017
  container-title: arXiv:1606.03976 [cs, stat]
  issued:
    - year: 2017
      month: 5
      day: 16
  title: 'Estimating individual treatment effect: generalization bounds and algorithms'
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.03976

- id: ShaliziAdvanced
  author:
    - family: Shalizi
      given: Cosma Rohilla
  citation-key: ShaliziAdvanced
  language: en
  page: '848'
  title: Advanced Data Analysis from an Elementary Point of View
  type: article-journal

- id: SharmaEstimating2015
  accessed:
    - year: 2019
      month: 9
      day: 24
  author:
    - family: Sharma
      given: Amit
    - family: Hofman
      given: Jake M.
    - family: Watts
      given: Duncan J.
  citation-key: SharmaEstimating2015
  container-title: >-
    Proceedings of the Sixteenth ACM Conference on Economics and Computation -
    EC '15
  DOI: 10.1145/2764468.2764488
  issued:
    - year: 2015
  language: en
  page: 453-470
  title: >-
    Estimating the Causal Impact of Recommendation Systems from Observational
    Data
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1510.05569

- id: ShpitserCausal2014
  accessed:
    - year: 2015
      month: 1
      day: 21
  author:
    - family: Shpitser
      given: Ilya
    - family: Tchetgen
      given: Eric Tchetgen
  citation-key: ShpitserCausal2014
  container-title: arXiv:1411.2127 [stat]
  issued:
    - year: 2014
      month: 11
      day: 8
  title: Causal Inference with a Graphical Hierarchy of Interventions
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1411.2127

- id: ShpitserMissing2015
  accessed:
    - year: 2015
      month: 7
      day: 18
  author:
    - family: Shpitser
      given: Ilya
    - family: Mohan
      given: Karthika
    - family: Pearl
      given: Judea
  citation-key: ShpitserMissing2015
  issued:
    - year: 2015
  title: Missing Data as a Causal and Probabilistic Problem
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://ftp.cs.ucla.edu/pub/stat_ser/r454.pdf

- id: vanderZanderEfficiently2015
  accessed:
    - year: 2020
      month: 8
      day: 29
  author:
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      given: Benito
      non-dropping-particle: van der
    - family: Textor
      given: Johannes
    - family: Liskiewicz
      given: Maciej
  citation-key: vanderZanderEfficiently2015
  collection-title: IJCAI'15
  container-title: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence
  event-place: Buenos Aires, Argentina
  ISBN: 978-1-57735-738-4
  issued:
    - year: 2015
      month: 7
      day: 25
  page: 3243–3249
  publisher: AAAI Press
  publisher-place: Buenos Aires, Argentina
  title: Efficiently finding conditional instruments for causal inference
  type: paper-conference
  URL: https://www.ijcai.org/Proceedings/15/Papers/457.pdf

- id: VansteelandtModel2012
  accessed:
    - year: 2014
      month: 8
      day: 16
  author:
    - family: Vansteelandt
      given: Stijn
    - family: Bekaert
      given: Maarten
    - family: Claeskens
      given: Gerda
  citation-key: VansteelandtModel2012
  container-title: Statistical Methods in Medical Research
  container-title-short: Stat Methods Med Res
  DOI: 10.1177/0962280210387717
  ISSN: 0962-2802, 1477-0334
  issue: '1'
  issued:
    - year: 2012
      month: 2
      day: 1
  language: en
  page: 7-30
  PMID: '21075803'
  title: On model selection and model misspecification in causal inference
  type: article-journal
  URL: https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/277522/1/...
  volume: '21'

- id: YadavCausal2016
  author:
    - family: Yadav
      given: Pranjul
    - family: Prunelli
      given: Lisiane
    - family: Hoff
      given: Alexander
    - family: Steinbach
      given: Michael
    - family: Westra
      given: Bonnie
    - family: Kumar
      given: Vipin
    - family: Simon
      given: Gyorgy
  citation-key: YadavCausal2016
  container-title: arXiv:1611.04660 [cs, stat]
  issued:
    - year: 2016
      month: 11
      day: 14
  title: Causal Inference in Observational Data
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1611.04660

- id: ZhangMaximum2021
  accessed:
    - year: 2021
      month: 6
      day: 9
  author:
    - family: Zhang
      given: Rui
    - family: Imaizumi
      given: Masaaki
    - family: Schölkopf
      given: Bernhard
    - family: Muandet
      given: Krikamol
  citation-key: ZhangMaximum2021
  container-title: arXiv:2010.07684 [cs]
  issued:
    - year: 2021
      month: 2
      day: 12
  title: Maximum Moment Restriction for Instrumental Variable Regression
  type: article-journal
  URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.07684
...
