Moral wetware

What ethical operating systems can be executed on our neurosocial substrate?

April 27, 2020 — December 5, 2023

adaptive
bounded compute
collective knowledge
cooperation
culture
economics
ethics
evolution
extended self
gene
incentive mechanisms
institutions
neuron
utility
wonk
Figure 1

Being right does not feel good, by many definitions of right and good. When can these concepts align?

I think it is helpful to think about feasible social systems in terms of moral wetware that much execute them, by which I mean, humans. What is the kindest moral system that can be projected onto the cooperative subsystems enabled by evolution in our social brains? Can we explain our moral software? What ethical systems are learnable, and how well do they generalise to out-of-distribution samples? How do we interpret our feelings, our beliefs and our tribes in this light? We can devise fairly complicated subsystems to do create, but not all are equally viable or effective, and the reasons are often opaque to us. Do we need to include awareness of our biases into mechanism design? How do we choose what to make right and what to make wrong?

In the great human project of working this out by trial and error, I am personally testing the hypothesis that permissive, nourishing systems are attainable and sustainable, even in the modern public sphere, but I could be proven wrong.

Notes ongoing.

1 Incoming

2 References

Aktipis. 2016. Principles of Cooperation Across Systems: From Human Sharing to Multicellularity and Cancer.” Evolutionary Applications.
Aktipis, Cronk, Alcock, et al. 2018. Understanding Cooperation Through Fitness Interdependence.” Nature Human Behaviour.
Aktipis, De Aguiar, Flaherty, et al. 2016. Cooperation in an Uncertain World: For the Maasai of East Africa, Need-Based Transfers Outperform Account-Keeping in Volatile Environments.” Human Ecology.
Allen, Farrell, and Shalizi. 2017. Evolutionary Theory and Endogenous Institutional Change.”
Apicella, and Silk. 2019. The Evolution of Human Cooperation.” Current Biology.
Axelrod. 1997. The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration.
Axelrod, and Hamilton. 1981. The Evolution of Cooperation.” Science, New Series,.
Axelrod, and Hammond. 2003. “The Evolution of Ethnocentric Behavior.” In.
Ballard-Rosa, Malik, Rickard, et al. 2021. The Economic Origins of Authoritarian Values: Evidence From Local Trade Shocks in the United Kingdom.” Comparative Political Studies.
Bernhard, Fischbacher, and Fehr. 2006. Parochial altruism in humans.” Nature.
Bierbrauer. 2021. Harry Potter and the Welfare of the Willfully Blinded.” In Deliberate Ignorance.
Bowles. 2001. Individual Interactions, Group Conflicts, and the Evolution of Preferences.” Social Dynamics.
———. 2004. Microeconomics: Behavior, Institutions, and Evolution.
Bowles, Choi, and Hopfensitz. 2003. The Co-Evolution of Individual Behaviors and Social Institutions.” Journal of Theoretical Biology.
Bowles, and Gintis. 2000. Reciprocity, Self-Interest and the Welfare State.” Nordic Journal of Political Economy.
Boyd, and Richerson. 1987. “The Evolution of Ethnic Markers.” Cultural Anthropology.
———. 1988. Culture and the Evolutionary Process.
Boyd, and Richerson. 1990. Group Selection Among Alternative Evolutionarily Stable Strategies.” Journal of Theoretical Biology.
———. 1992. Punishment Allows the Evolution of Cooperation (or Anything Else) in Sizable Groups.” Ethology and Sociobiology.
Boyd, and Richerson. 1999. “Complex Societies: The Evolutionary Origins of a Crude Superorganism.” Human Nature.
Carugati, and Levi. 2021. A Moral Political Economy: Present, Past, and Future.” Elements in Political Economy.
Charness, and Sutter. 2012. Groups Make Better Self-Interested Decisions.” Journal of Economic Perspectives.
Connolly. 2002. Neuropolitics: Thinking, Culture, Speed.
Dawkins. 1990. The Selfish Gene.
Farrell, and Shalizi. n.d. “Evolutionary Theory and the Dynamics of Institutional Change.”
Fletcher, and Zwick. 2007. The evolution of altruism: game theory in multilevel selection and inclusive fitness.” Journal of Theoretical Biology.
Fosco, and Mengel. 2010. Cooperation Through Imitation and Exclusion in Networks.” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control.
Gelman. 2008. Methodology as ideology: some comments on Robert Axelrod’s The Evolution of Cooperation.” QA Rivista dell’Associazione Rossi-Doria.
Gintis, Smith, and Bowles. 2001. Costly Signaling and Cooperation.” Journal of Theoretical Biology.
Haidt. 2013. The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion.
Henrich, and Boyd. 1998. The Evolution of Conformist Transmission and the Emergence of Between-Group Differences.” Evolution and Human Behavior.
———. 2001. Why People Punish Defectors: Weak Conformist Transmission Can Stabilize Costly Enforcement of Norms in Cooperative Dilemmas.” Journal of Theoretical Biology.
Henrich, and Gil-White. 2001. The Evolution of Prestige: Freely Conferred Deference as a Mechanism for Enhancing the Benefits of Cultural Transmission.” Evolution and Human Behavior.
Hetzer, and Sornette. 2009. Other-Regarding Preferences and Altruistic Punishment: A Darwinian Perspective.” SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 1468517.
———. 2013a. The Co-Evolution of Fairness Preferences and Costly Punishment.” PLoS ONE.
———. 2013b. An Evolutionary Model of Cooperation, Fairness and Altruistic Punishment in Public Good Games.” PLoS ONE.
Köster, Hadfield-Menell, Everett, et al. 2022. Spurious Normativity Enhances Learning of Compliance and Enforcement Behavior in Artificial Agents.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Le, and Boyd. 2007. “Evolutionary Dynamics of the Continuous Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma.” Journal of Theoretical Biology.
Loasby. 1999. Knowledge, Institutions, and Evolution in Economics.
Mead, and Maner. 2012. When Me Versus You Becomes Us Versus Them: How Intergroup Competition Shapes Ingroup Psychology.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass.
Montrey, and Shultz. 2019. Outgroup Homogeneity Bias Causes Ingroup Favoritism.” arXiv:1908.08203 [Econ, q-Bio].
Moral Sentiments and Material Interests: The Foundations of Cooperation in Economic Life. 2006.
Nilsson, Montgomery, Dimdins, et al. 2020. Beyond ‘Liberals’ and ‘Conservatives’: Complexity in Ideology, Moral Intuitions, and Worldview Among Swedish Voters.” European Journal of Personality.
Nowak. 2006. Five Rules for the Evolution of Cooperation.” Science.
Ostrom. 1998. A Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective Action.” The American Political Science Review.
———. 2000. Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives.
Powers, Heys, and Watson. 2012. How to Measure Group Selection in Real-World Populations.” arXiv:1208.0520 [q-Bio].
Putnam. 1993. The Prosperous Community: Social Capital and Public Life.” The American Prospect.
Ridley. 1998. The Origins of Virtue: Human Instincts and the Evolution of Cooperation.
Riolo, Cohen, and Axelrod. 2001. Evolution of Cooperation Without Reciprocity.” Nature.
Schei, Sheikh, and Schnall. 2019. Atoning Past Indulgences: Oral Consumption and Moral Compensation.” Frontiers in Psychology.
Sheldon, and Nichols. 2009. Comparing Democrats and Republicans on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Values.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology.
Sigmund. 2011. Moral Assessment in Indirect Reciprocity.” Journal of Theoretical Biology.
Simler, and Hanson. 2018. The Elephant in the Brain: Hidden Motives in Everyday Life.
Suhler, and Churchland. 2011. Can Innate, Modular ‘Foundations’ Explain Morality? Challenges for Haidt’s Moral Foundations Theory.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.
Tooby, Cosmides, and Price. 2006. Cognitive Adaptations Forn-Person Exchange: The Evolutionary Roots of Organizational Behavior.” Managerial and Decision Economics.
Tracy, Shariff, and Cheng. 2010. A Naturalist’s View of Pride.” Emotion Review.
Wright. 2010. The Moral Animal: Why We Are, the Way We Are: The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology.