LaTeX

1 History

Standard disclaimer, before diving into the TeXonomy:

I am also aware that I do violence to the rich and storied ecosystem by failing to mention that almost everything I mention is but a macro system built upon Knuth’s OG TeX system. Even that is a crude simplification of the complicated truth that this original system has evolved, reimplemented and mutated in complex and subtle ways. However, this document is not a philological or phylogenetic exploration; it is a pragmatic guide to getting documents typeset before key deadlines pass. Nonetheless, some context is occasionally helpful.

Eddie Smith, From boiling lead and black art: An essay on the history of mathematical typography; the only thing on this page I might conceivably read for pleasure.

Wasn’t that nice. Now, let Robert Kosara rant about where we are now:

The tools of the trade for academics and others who write research papers are among the worst software has to offer. Whether it’s writing or citation management, there are countless issues and annoyances. How is it possible that this fairly straightforward category of software is so outdated and awful?

Grad students, Robert, and the low-marginal-cost, low-quality labour they provide. The same labour undervaluation that keeps slave economies from developing the steam engine. As long as it is cheaper to solve typesetting problems with grad student labour, the system can shamble forward without anyone being incentivised to fix it for everyone else. Side effect: grad students also have underdeveloped software development skills and will never return to remedy the engineering mistakes of their younger selves. This will keep the average quality of the pieces of this system mediocre.

There are also standards-lock-in problems; even if someone develops a better system, will conferences and journals find it worthwhile to switch? Or will they let the old system shamble on knowing it will cost their editorial board nothing to waste everyone else’s time? After all, academic publishing is built on free professorial labour. For the authors: will a newer better system be good enough to justify the cost of learning it? Will it be robust enough to last long enough that it repays its cost? Cf Moloch.

2 Tutorials

• How TeX macros actually work according to overleaf
• tug.org on LaTeX

LaTeX has a long and storied history, and that means it has lots of nasty historical design decisions preserved in it, like smallpox victims in a glacier. And yet! It is not so very backwards compatible. Many old packages interact disastrously with new ones, and the conservatism of the community cargo cult way of doing things means that people tend to carry on deprecated practices forever, and any given document you edit may be a ticking time bomb of confusing font failures and incomprehensible error messages.

There is a guide to avoid old things Das LaTeX2e-Sündenregister oder Veraltete Befehle, Pakete und andere Fehler although those who do not speak German might prefer, e.g. the slightly outdated English L2 Taboos document. Deutsch befriedigt, im Bereich pingelig sein.

3 Variants

There are differences in various different engines, formats, macro systems etc, giving us ConTeXT and LaTeX and TeX and pdfTeX and XeTeX and LuaTeX, and that they are all refreshingly unique in their choices of pain-points, whether in formatting, interoperation, character set handling, compatibility, preferred name capitalisation, or community support. Here is a more pious take by Graham Douglas, What’s in a name: a guide to the many flavours of TeX. For now I will construe LaTeX broadly, which is to say “in principle any of these LaTeX-like engines”, which is to say “in practice any LaTeX engine which is sufficiently similar to the baseline horror to survive the submission process to arxiv.org”.

I am indeed cognisant of the diversity and richness of buffet of failure cases I could choose from, if only in outline. However, standards lock-in being what it is, I will for now avoid arranging the deckchairs of incremental improvement on this sinking ship of legacy mess. If I must innovate, it will be to discretely shuffle over, to the lifeboats, in which I will wait for some disruptive scholarly version of Markdown to come rescue me from LaTeX entirely.

In the interim, some people advocate typst as a more modern alternative to LaTeX. I have not tried it.

4 Installing TeX

See LaTeX installation.

5 No TeX at all

See LaTeX-free mathematical typesetting.

6 Reverse LaTeX

Getting LaTeX code back from screen captures photos of (formatted) equations. Rebekah Yates reports

1. You can look things up in the Comprehensive LaTeX symbols list. It can usually be easily accessed with texdoc symbols or texdoc symbols-a4 (in MiKTeX the latter only).
2. Another good option is to try the web-based software Detexify, which allows you to draw the symbol and tries to recognise what you’ve drawn.[…]
3. If you are using the package unicode-math, then besides using any Unicode character list, the list of all supported symbols (texdoc unimath-symbols) is very useful as it also lists which symbols are available in the various fonts.
4. Using unicode-math, you can also search for characters by drawing (just like with detexify) using ShapeCatcher.

That sounds boring compared to ML-based automation. I used Mathpix. LaTeX OCR seems to be an open source pytorch implementation. They also offer a mathematical notebook, snip.

Or! Leave the machines behind! Train yourself in speed LaTeX transcription via the gamified mathematical typesetting training system TeXnique.

7 Invocation

pdflatex -interaction=nonstopmode -halt-on-error

pdflatex -interaction=batchmode

latexmk -pvc

brew install tectonic

from IPython.display import display_latex, display
import latex_fragment
l = latex_fragment.LatexFragment(r'$x=y$')
display(l)

#%%
from IPython.display import Latex
Latex(r'''$x=y$''')

8 Submitting to Arxiv

Here are some automations.

• google-research/arxiv-latex-cleaner: arXiv LaTeX Cleaner: Easily clean the LaTeX code of your paper to submit to arXiv
• DanielCWard/latex_tools: A few scripts to automatically process latex projects for easier online publishing

brew install arxiv_latex_cleaner
arxiv_latex_cleaner /path/to/latex --resize_images --im_size 500 --images_allowlist='{"images/im.png":2000}'

Here is a decently documented template: kourgeorge/arxiv-style.

9 Strikethrough

a.k.a. strikeout. Jan Söhlke says this works great in text mode.

\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}

\sout{text to be struck through}

Strikethrough is weird in math mode; the cancel package is recommended. In mathjax, this needs an extension.

10 Putting dates in drafts

Certain document classes (all?) have draft modes.

\documentclass[draft]{article}

A universal (not document-class-dependent) option was suggested by the Malaysian LaTeX User Group, Putting Dates in Watermarks:

\usepackage{draftwatermark}
\usepackage{datetime2}
\SetWatermarkLightness{.9}
\SetWatermarkText{Draft\string@\DTMnow}
\SetWatermarkScale{.3}

On a minimalist TeX system, this may necessitate

tlmgr install draftwatermark everypage \
  datetime2 etoolbox tracklang

11 No BoundingBox error

e.g. LaTeX Error: Cannot determine size of my_cool_image.pdf (no BoundingBox).

PDF inclusion only works seamlessly from pdflatex. Per default.

One workaround uses bmpsize which should decorate PNGs etc with the required information.

\usepackage[dvipdfmx]{graphicx}
\usepackage{bmpsize}

For some reason this also worked for me in importing PDFs, but I have no idea why.

Or if you have lots of time you can manually annotate images with “natural sizes” but this is tedious.

We could alternatively convert PDFs to EPSs, but that is also tedious and wastes space, plus has not been reliable for me, mangling fonts and causing problems when converting back to PDF.

12 Spacing

Managing spacing between symbols is the major reason for existence for LaTeX. It is a hard problem, optimising for legibility of symbols on a sheet of paper for all the various sorts who might read it. One must solve for the goal of minimising the number of criticisms of grumpy aesthetically-challenged pedantic folk-typographers each of whom has a different, incompatible list in their mind of what constitutes an unspeakable crime against legibility. Thus there are many compromises, tricks, edge-cases and other potholes to get your foot stuck in, especially in mathematical mode.

As far as individual mathematical characters go, here is a comprehensive guide to LaTeX mathematical spacing by Werner. tl;dr if things look weird I can convert a mathematical character to an “ordinal” by wrapping it {=} and add my own manual spacing back in and it will work nicely. When that is not sufficient, Overleaf’s Spacing in math mode is what I most often need:

\begin{align*}
f(x) &= x^2\! +3x\! +2 \\
f(x) &= x^2+3x+2 \\
f(x) &= x^2\, +3x\, +2 \\
f(x) &= x^2\: +3x\: +2 \\
f(x) &= x^2\; +3x\; +2 \\
f(x) &= x^2\ +3x\ +2 \\
f(x) &= x^2\quad +3x\quad +2 \\
f(x) &= x^2\qquad +3x\qquad +2
\end{align*}

\[ \begin{align*} f(x) &= x^2\! +3x\! +2 \\ f(x) &= x^2+3x+2 \\ f(x) &= x^2\, +3x\, +2 \\ f(x) &= x^2\: +3x\: +2 \\ f(x) &= x^2\; +3x\; +2 \\ f(x) &= x^2\ +3x\ +2 \\ f(x) &= x^2\quad +3x\quad +2 \\ f(x) &= x^2\qquad +3x\qquad +2 \end{align*} \]

K. Cooper’s even more comprehensive LaTeX Spacing Tricks is the guide for almost every type of spacing civilians will need.

To manage justification, a.k.a. text alignment, generally (Why is everything fully justified per default? It makes the spacing so ugly, at least to this aesthetically-challenged folk-typographer) one needs the \raggedright/\centering etc commands, or even the ragged2e package. See the Overleaf documentation and wikibooks.

PRO-TIP: \RaggedRight and friends destroy paragraph indentation. The fix is to restore the indent:

\newlength{\saveparindent}
\setlength{\saveparindent}{\parindent}
\RaggedRight
\setlength{\parindent}{\saveparindent}

Or you could do what a real typographer would do and put space between paragraphs, which might require some style updates.

I use RaggedRight spacing to make it easier to proofread, but revert to fully justified after the proofreading process. This has advantages:

1. Editors will not complain about everything not being fully justified
2. Reviewers will find it harder to read, reducing the chance they will detect any inconvenient errors I made.

Gotcha: Commands gobble following space.

\renewcommand{\floatpagefraction}{.8}%
\renewcommand{\topfraction}{.85}%
\renewcommand{\bottomfraction}{.85}%
\renewcommand{\textfraction}{.15}%
\setcounter{totalnumber}{5}%
\setcounter{topnumber}{3}%
\setcounter{bottomnumber}{3}%

13 Commenting out

The obvious way to comment stuff out is with the % comment marker. For long blocks, Martin Scharrer suggests

You can use \iffalse ... \fi to make (La)TeX not compile everything between it. However, this might not work properly if you have unmatched \ifxxx ... \fi pairs inside them or do something else special with if-switches. It should be fine for normal user text.

There is also the comment package which gives you the comment environment which ignores everything in it verbatim. It allows you to define own environments and to switch them on and off. You would use it by placing \usepackage{comment} in the preamble.

14 Long documents

subfiles is a handy package for Multi-file LaTeX projects.

\documentclass[../main.tex]{subfiles}

15 Death-or-define macro

Death-or-define is how I think of the trick to force a macro definition redefinition even if there is no definition to be redefined — handy if I am rendering latex from some tricky source such as jupyter, or where I don’t have control over the overall document outside my section but don’t care about wreaking havoc on my collaborators; some other poor sap can deal with the macro mutations Mwahahaha.

\providecommand{\foo}{}
\renewcommand{\foo}[1]{bar: #1}

16 Symbols, fonts

See Latex symbols, fonts and character encodings.

17 Algorithms

See LaTeX algorithms.

18 IDs (ORCID, DOI etc)

Why is this not documented at orcid.org? I do not know. So now I document it here. AFAICT, at the basic level I should simply create a hyperlink, e.g.

\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6077-2684}{Dan MacKinlay}

But what if I want the fancy logo so that everyone knows I cleverly did the ORCID thing? If I am using some hidebound conference stylesheet from the 90s this is unlikely to work. But for a more modern setup (e.g. IEEE is usually current) I might be able to get an attractive green logo.

I made this work with the academicons package, which renders the logo using a custom font. Then, ORCID, for example, is set up in the preamble:

\usepackage{academicons}
\definecolor{orcidlogocol}{HTML}{A6CE39}

and in the body

\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6077-2684
}{Dan MacKinlay \hspace{2mm} \textcolor{orcidlogocol}{\aiOrcid}  }

Or use the orcid.pdf (which I converted from orcid.svg, feel free to use it):

\href{https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6077-2684}{\includegraphics[scale=0.06]{orcid.pdf}\hspace{2mm}Dan MacKinlay}

19 Mathematical hacks

See LaTeX mathematics hacks.

20 Navigation

@cus_dep_list = (@cus_dep_list, "nlo nls 0 makenomenclature");
sub makenomenclature {
   system("makeindex $_[0].nlo -s nomencl.ist -o $_[0].nls"); }
@generated_exts = (@generated_exts, 'nlo');

21 Tables

booktab tables are less ugly.

22 Version control

Tools such as git-latexdiff provide custom diffing for, in this case, LaTeX code in git. This is invaluable during a review process because it produces a new latex file which highlights changes in colour in a PDF.

I install it manually via the usual instructions and invoke as git-latexdiff

• git-latexdiff / Git Latexdiff · GitLab
• CTAN: Package git-latexdiff

More involved install instructions to invoke it as a git subcommand (i.e. git latexdiff, losing the hyphen) are here; Note that the URLs there are wrong because of the move to gitlab.

23 Diagrams

Getting a diagram or a plot into a document? See also general diagrams for tools which create generic types of diagram. Consider scientific workbooks, which often include automatic conversion of inline plots.

inkscape -D -z --file=image.svg --export-pdf=image.pdf --export-latex

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    % set width of next svg image:
    \def\svgwidth{\columnwidth}
    \input{image.pdf_tex}
\end{figure}

24 Editors

See LaTeX editors.

25 Citations and bibliographies

From within LaTeX? See BibTeX etc.

26 Posters

Posters HOWTO.

a0poster is popular, as expounded by Morales de Luna, but I secretly feel that it sounds like a nightmare of legacy postscript nonsense and doesn’t even look good. sciposter is a popular a0poster variant.

tikzposter and beamerposter are both highlighted on sharelatex but I cannot find a way of making them seem anything but fugly to me and I cannot condone their use. It is hard enough to bring beauty into this world without making it worse.

27 Comments, TODOs

I quite like todonotes. As per Dustin Hauer’s suggestion I find it useful to define attributed TODOs in collaborative docs:

\usepackage{todonotes}
\newcommand{\dan}[1]{\todo[inline,color=green!20!white]{\textbf{Dan:} #1}}

28 Incoming

• How to take lecture notes with LaTeX.

29 IEEE style specialties

IEEEtran stylesheets have some special equation formatting noûs.

\begin{IEEEeqnarray}{rCl}Z
&=&x_1 + x_2 + x_3 + x_4 + x_5 + x_6
\IEEEnonumber\\
&&+\:a + b%
\end{IEEEeqnarray}

30 Conversion to other markup formats

Maybe you want to throw the original latex out? in which case see LaTeX-free mathematics

• pandoc converts to everything

• ConTeXt can handle XHTML natively

• plasTeX

  is a LaTeX document processing framework written entirely in Python. It currently comes bundled with an XHTML renderer (including multiple themes), as well as a way to simply dump the document to a generic form of XML. Other renderers can be added as well and are planned for future releases…

  plasTeX differs from other tools like LaTeX2HTML, TeX4ht, TtH, etc in that the parsing and rendering of the document are completely separated. This separation makes it possible to render the document in multiple output formats.

  It is active, being used by high-profile online projects such as the collaborative textbooks stacks and kerodon which have a system called Gerby that builds using plastex.

• HEVEA — an older HTML converter with mediocre maths support (so why would you even bother?) Manual lives here.

• LaTeX2HTML, TeX4ht, TtH,…

31 Fun

Via Louise Ord, virtuosic algorithmic line art in MetaPost:

32 References